If you are pondering over this question, “how to get back with my ex girlfriend” please understand that this is a very delicate situation. Feelings may be badly hurt on both ends and anything that you may do now or not do may cause even more hurt.

Read more on How to Get Back With My Ex Girlfriend – 5 Steps That Will Not Fail You…

The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.

Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…

The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.

Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…

This entry

Home Appliances

Market

In recent days, Tsann Kuen's chairman Wu Cankun sentenced 1 year and 6 months regarding various media outlets to be domestic. Does this affect Tsann Kuen operation in Shenyang? Yesterday, the reporter in an interview Tsann Kuen learned in the street shop, shop Although normal business, but business had been no fire last summer, there are dealers that Tsann Kuen model in Shenyang, "acclimatization", or even distributors plan Withdraw.

Hyatt speed faster than the shop

According to Chinese news report, Tsann Kuen's chairman Wu Cankun suspected to suppress the rival buy low and sell high Shun Fat stock, this week (3) was in Kaohsiung in Taiwan, "District Court" to "manipulation of stocks, contrary to Securities and Exchange Law "in the name of, sentenced 1 year and 6 months. Deputy Miss Tian Zhuying Tsann Kuen Industrial Group, said, "This is correct, it will end soon" and declined to comment further.

According to media reports, Wu Cankun the end of 2003 had claimed in 2009 to open 1000 in the country, as long as 10 years, Tsann Kuen can become world-class companies. However, the mainland area Tsann Kuen, Senior Financial Associate Luoqing Xing has said that everything seemed to deviate from these objectives, "passing." Since last September, Tsann Kuen 3C store off store shop much faster rate than the total number has been reduced from 50 to more than 31 now.

The deserted street stores business

Around 11:00 yesterday, we arrived in Shenyang, Tsann Kuen Street shop, find the exit here, where about one hundred square meters has been leased and is now selling a particular brand of clothing and shoes. Entered the store, on the first floor is still open for business, but on the second floor of the elevator was sealed, put out the "upstairs renovation" of the signs. Reporter saw shops are upstairs protection zone around again.

Reporters found that the traffic here is exceptionally low, the reporter made two turns round here, only 58 met the consumer, and left most of the rounds in a hurry. And the huge store in less than 10 business members, many stores there are no counter salesperson. Digital products store where a salesperson told reporters that sales staff have gone to dinner. Reporter looked at his watch, was 11:10. According to report, the general shopping even dinner time left at the counter will be open on duty. Reporters heard two salespersons for debate, "I've heard it two days our family to withdraw the counter, you withdraw your house?"

Tsann Kuen circumspect in Shenyang

Interview, the maker, who declined to tell reporters, the sale of its products has been in the Tsann Kuen is not good. Tsann Kuen has been stationed in Shenyang, sales pattern emerged in the dessert problem: The store is open, the clerk not more, customers are free to choose; and in the Mainland, consumers accept the "Shopping guide" service, which is required a large number of staff to help customers choose products. At the same time have to face from the Gome and Suning's expansion pressure, Tsann Kuen is not easy.

Philips Shenyang branch official told reporters, the chairman of the things they Tsann Kuen there has been heard, North China has also sent a notice issued immediately withdraw the counter is not realistic, since some will be particularly concerned.

Reporter then call several times Tsann Kuen Electronics Co., Ltd. Shenyang, an assistant manager answered the phone was very cautious on this performance, she said Wu, chairman sentenced on the issue they are currently unaware of, on the Shenyang store the operation, and shop in Shenyang have plans need to press matters consult Shanghai headquarters. Afterward, the reporter repeatedly dialed her head the Shanghai headquarters of the PHS and the office phone, no one answered. The development of this newspaper will continue to look into the matter.

Read more on Shenyang: some operators from the Tsann Kuen 3C store Withdraw?…

There are times when your relationship suddenly falls apart and either one or both of you may doubt whether it is all over especially if the relationship is new. Some men simply cannot reconcile to the fact that their girlfriend dumped them and so they hope to get back with their girlfriend again. If you are asking, “How can I get back together with my ex girlfriend”, it is important to plan your moves ahead.

Read more on How Can I Get Back Together With My Ex Girlfriend – Nothing Is Impossible…

Relationships are delicate and need to be nurtured with loving dedication to make them grow strong. Sadly, everything is not as rosy as we would like it to be. When relationships are broken, they drain us of all our emotions, feelings, ability to think clearly and in acute cases, even our physical well being.

Read more on Get Back at Your Ex – 5 Ideas…

Have you just gone through a break up? Are you thinking how to get an ex back? Many people experience some sort of a break up but most of them just concentrate on moving on rather than searching for a way to get an ex back. If you are not a part of that league and you want to work towards how to get an ex back, then here are some tips for you. Does a break up mean that there are no chances of getting back together with your ex?

Read more on How To Get An Ex Back – Know What You Are Doing…

As we get older, joint pain becomes more of an issue. This can mainly be due to the thinning of the cartilage and as a result arthitis begins to take a hold. Sure enough, we crave natural joint pain relief and strive to find that perfect solution that will allow us to carry on with our lives pain free. Below are some strategies to bring you that desired pain relief.

Read more on 100% Natural Drug Free Pain Relief) For your Joints – 3 Amazing Tips To Leave You Pain Free…

Drought-induced increase in the cost of feeding cows, or is causing a new round of Yunnan, the phenomenon of cows become beef cattle. It is understood the recent high cost of some dairy farmers under the pressure of the diverted, or to open a restaurant, or in selling beef.

"The impact on downstream firms most direct impact is that butterflies spring, Europe and Asia, a day ahead and a number of dairy enterprises to the acquisition Raw material Far to meet the market demand for milk can only be reduced Milk powder Production to ensure the liquid milk market and reduce the Southeast Asian market, shipments, production and other compression. "Yunnan Hua-Ming Mao Dairy Association, said" the enthusiasm of farmers feeding cows do not improve in the next few months, the gap in Yunnan raw milk will always exist.

Acute shortage of raw milk costs

"Before we had the venue in 2600 Chenggong breeding cows, and later moved to Songming, the number dropped to 2,200 cow bull, now reduced by one third, only a thousand bulls in the maintenance of livelihoods." Rising feeding costs, so that conservation of mountain Songming culture of discourse in large become more helpless.

It is understood that the higher cost this year was mainly due to Feed Price increases, fewer and fewer grass, straw, all to be purchased, such as corn feed prices keep rising. In addition, "in the provinces of the purchase price of raw milk, the price is relatively low position in Yunnan." Hua-Ming Mao said, "Foreign market, at present, raw milk price has broken through the 3.5 yuan / kg, while only in Yunnan 2.6-2.8 yuan / kg, net of fees paid to the milking station, the price farmers get lower hand. "

Low purchase price of raw milk is just one of the causes, Hua-Ming Mao that Chenggong livestock factory relocation and other reasons, makes the cow in Yunnan is also a 30% reduction in the number one reason and because of drought-induced increase in costs, farmers do not culture enthusiasm.

Milk reduction Guarantee the supply of fresh milk

Recently, a large number of export to Thailand, Myanmar, the butterfly spring packet milk powder market started to decline in capacity from 450 tons to 150 tons a month less. "Partly because the Southeast Asian market, the price of milk powder and the domestic market upside down, so we reduced the export of milk powder, and then turned to the domestic market Sell . "Butterfly Spring Dairy The responsible person, another important reason is that, due to dry thoroughly, Yunnan raw milk had major gaps, but also allows companies to reduce production of milk powder to ensure that milk market supply.

On production and limit sales of raw milk in the gap under the influence of the pressure has begun to highlight the company, Kunming Hai Zi Xin Zou Dairy Co., Ltd. Deputy General Manager, said, "In Yunnan, the cost of raising dairy cattle feed mainly on young above, green fodder can not solve the problem, the gap will continue to exist in the coming months, or even higher dairy prices. "

Read more on Scarcity of raw milk cost increases milk production enterprises to ensure milk supply of compressed powdered milk…

Release of third quarter results report, 1 September 2008, Suning total business income of 39.101 billion,

40.152 billion and full year 2007 revenues were flat. After three consecutive years of high and stable growth, if not accidental, Suning's revenue in 2008 can still achieve 30% growth rate. This level of more than 50% compared to the previous three years the growth rate, although lower, but the environment in the financial crisis, can achieve this growth is not easy.

"In fact, there is not much business success, and special features. All successful enterprises may have things in common, that is subjective persist, continue to persist in their goals and career. All these years, Suning has never ceased operation and management of innovation and enterprise culture steps. Objectively speaking, Suning's development is inseparable from the market environment and opportunities. domestic

Home Appliances

Broad market, engaged in wholesale and retail enterprises in household appliances less. We believe that such a large market space, the development of enterprises can be said to be endless. We have to do is continue to improve itself, to adapt to the market, dealing with competition. I think a lot of things, including business success, are a natural outgrowth. "Suning CEO Sun Weimin in an interview when he says.

Suning

This is just a strategy to maintain a high degree of dynamic generalization. Operation of the specific, there are many places worth learning from other enterprises.

Information chain integration

"Suning has been relatively steady expansion strategy, and this corresponds with higher network quality, more comprehensive background support, including management information system on the whole process control and optimization, so Suning to the grave trade situation, windy winter and the winner appears to be the last laugh. "Shun Securities in December 2008 in a research report that evaluation of Suning.

Suning process information undergone four stages, namely, information service systems, sales and financial information system, ERP information technology and enterprise information?? SAP / ERP system.

In 2000, Suning, Wuhan Jin force on co-operation with the line of the SCM system, became the first country to use information tools in business management appliance chain. Since then, Suning in turn sights on the international IT giants. From July 2005 to April 2006, Suning cooperation with IBM and SAP, nearly 350 stores in the implementation of the SAP / ERP system. At this point, Suning into an international-class information technology platform, leading in the domestic retail level.

SAP / ERP system to achieve a centralized management Suning, the formation of investment, business, finance, services, personnel and integrated management; to achieve cross-company management, regional operations, the various branches in a unified management platform to promote unity procurement, unified sales, the formation of uniform distribution.

Supply chain channel

Another unique advantage

Suning Appliance Chain to optimize the supply chain business model. Suning consistently with domestic and foreign suppliers of supply chain integration, through joint efforts, at different times, Suning suppliers build with a different supply chain.

1999, the Suning established from

Air conditioning

Franchise to integrated appliances chain, will integrate upstream and downstream supply chain, and suppliers together to create a new electrical distribution channel model for the later to create the conditions for home appliance chain. This is a take-off qualitative change Suning, China's commercial areas to create a new .

2005, the Suning Appliance with major suppliers, such as

Sony

,

Samsung

And so on, large-scale B2B docking. This will greatly improve both operational efficiency and enhancing the competitiveness of the two sides.

And early in 2004, Su Ning, China's home appliance giant to cooperate, in November 2004, a joint venture in Nanjing Haiersuning sales company.

Read more on Suning Appliance: power struggle…

Experienced a winter of dark and pale, and finally ushered in the spring in March, the majority of owners have gradually out of the haze of winter. In this blooming days, but the most pleasant and go out with friends and family outing was. As a modern city Car owners , Keep up the pace of your style, how can the lack of a practical out Tachun navigation? The

Domestic GPS Shinco GPS navigation leading brands timely cities in the country at large in the spring promotion?? "2010 Shinco GPS Tachun action", the consumer feedback, help spring Zijia You. Activity time was in March 2010 15-2010 on May 3.

One promotional gift Lianliankan: 999 yuan special promotions!

Promotional gift Lianliankan two: Buy some new GPS products Division, presented three CMMB mobile TV charges!

Promotional gift Lianliankan three: buy a new GPS part of the product families, giving the value of 4233 yuan of China's Yunnan Attractions Pass!

Some models can even be "three-year tariff CMMB mobile TV" and "China Yunnan Attractions Pass" double gift! I could not help in this to tell you about the activities of several new families involved in this baby, for you are dedicated to reference, rest assured it easy to buy!

Shinco GPS-M201

Shinco GPS CMMB mobile TV? Satellite navigation integrated machine M201

M? 201 is a new division markets a prominent sales, let's breakdown some reason it is worth purchasing:

1, built-in high German map and the new star product line of other subjects, the state authorized professional navigation map. Navigator of the most important features of quality assurance!

2, built-in version 2.5 Professional navigation software, upgrade the previous 2.3 version, the "quick search Positioning", "Find destination fast" and "fast path computation"?? "Three fast" play be more extreme.

3, entertainment and powerful: built-in multimedia digital TV receiver chip has MP3 / MP4 Playback, FM audio FM transmitter.

4, retrieval diversification: food bazaars? Features food search function, search function spots nationwide, multipath search mode, and full voice prompt / road names, road safety reminder.

Clearly, M? 201 is accumulated by the versatile and practical, compared to its big brother M? 301, it has a clear price advantage that this section close to the people who pay attention to practical navigation tool for the practical and plan carefully of friends, it is very appropriate!

M201 If you feel unable to meet the requirements of your pursuit of perfection, then the new Section GPS? P700 is undoubtedly a high cost performance models, and a listing on the well respected business people as well as 09 The most popular of a model years. We also take a closer look at its capabilities.

Shinco GPS? P700: GPS navigation and dual interface CMMB mobile TV In addition to the new Section

uphold its good work, a variety of search methods as well as Bluetooth, MP3/MP4 and other rich multimedia features, P700 also has the following highlights:

1, P700 with 4.7-inch 16:9 wide touch screen digital LCD, Windows CE5.0 Operating system .

2, with a new generation of high-sensitivity receiver chip, positioning precision, high-speed built-400MHZ CPU , 2GB memory.

3, equipped with the latest S2.5.4 2009 Standard Edition navigation software, Daquan version electronic map.

4, super Daquan touch digital LCD screen, GPS navigation and realized CMMB mobile TV dual interface visual effects.

CMMB mobile TV Navigator P700 with its own set of unique and powerful quality to lead the industry to open a new era of dual-interface navigation. The computers are fully consistent with the high demand of users critical eye, it is in the bag!

Interested friend can go to the cities of the IT Computer City, auto supplies stores, home appliance chain stores and the new GPS shop in consulting, you can also be a new Division GPS400-8122-800 National free service hotline or wwww . shincogps.com website for new families of products related to the situation. Coincides with the launch of the new Division promotion Tachun action, in addition to purchase a suitable and cost-effective machine, but also can obtain generous gift!

Read more on Promotional gift series of pleasant surprises! Shinco GPS brilliant presentation…

If you’re new to Bollywood movies, you may wonder why Shahrukh Khan is top of the Bollywood heroes list.  At first glance he may seem a bit on the short side at 5′6″ and maybe not even conventionally handsome, especially compared to some of Bollywood’s himbos.
But Shah Rukh Khan’s been the undisputed King of Bollywood for nearly twenty years and much of his appeal comes from his personal brand’s USP of love and respect.  Often known just by his initials SRK, Shahrukh Khan is one of those rare people who makes everyone around him feel like they’re the star.  Despite having the industry in the palm of his hand, his humility, friendliness and excellent work ethic have won him respect and admiration from his co-stars and more than a billion fans worldwide.
Like Hollywood has its dynasties, so Bollywood, and if you dig a little you’ll usually find most newcomers are ‘launched’ by their famous Bollywood relatives.  Shahrukh Khan’s success is all the more amazing for his having made his way as an outsider from middle-class Delhi to the top of the industry in Mumbai, with nothing more than a dream and willingness to work hard.
His wholesome appeal is bolstered by the well-known story of his being a shy young man who, after family drama worthy of many a Bollywood movie, married the first girl he’d had the courage to ask to dance.  The family drama was that the girl was Hindu and he Muslim. Her family was neither impressed with his religion nor his prospects of wanting to move to Mumbai to make his fortune as a movie star.  One can assume all is now forgiven.
Shahrukh Khan is primarily responsible for the myth that there’s no kissing in Bollywood. It’s not strictly true and more Bollywood movies are including kissing and love scenes, however, Shah Rukh believes kissing should be reserved for his wife, Gauri, so he never kisses heroines on the lips.
But it hasn’t stopped his career skyrocketing from the TV serial, Fauji (Soldier), to the big screen, a transition also uncommon in Bollywood. He’s since done action, comedy and masala movies (literally- ’spice’ – these are blockbusters with a bit of something for everyone), but his best work is in the romantic drama and romantic comedy genres.
In India and beyond he is more than a film star, he is a cultural icon. His wax statue is in both Madam Tussaud’s in London and  now at Grévin in Paris.
He attended the Cannes Film festival when Devdas was so well received there in 2002.   He has hosted the Indian equivalent of ‘Who wants to be a millionnaire?’ and presented the Best Motion Picture award for Slumdog Millionnaire with Freida Pinto at the 2009 Golden Globes.
An astute businessman, known for never borrowing money and for his honest dealings, his production house, Red Chillies Entertainment, is producing Hollywood-quality special effects and animations. King Khan is also co-owner of IPL team, Kolkata Knight Riders.
If you can only remember one name in Bollywood,  it’s got to be Shahrukh Khan.

Read more on Bollywood Hindi Film Industry King Shahrukh Khan…

Now Keep a car Is more expensive, is now recommended for everyone Xiaobian some good ideas to save money, the owner of a scientific and reasonable maintenance Your car , Eliminating unnecessary spending. Related Reading: Special car maintenance code after the rain   Enjoy the cool of a summer special summer car maintenance all captures  

1. Do not over-pursuit of high standard oil

Grade gasoline is gasoline antiknock ability of calibration parameters, it is clean and fuel-efficient gasoline is no necessary link, not the higher the better grade gasoline, even high-end cars does not mean that the rate of high grade gasoline. What kind of gas should follow the instructions on the oil standard, the automobile engine compression ratio coefficient and coefficient of gasoline antiknock adapt, can not use price to measure (compression ratio of this indicator can generally be found in the car manual, car manufacturing plants will also fuel tank cap fuel inside label marked recommended).

II. Oil to buy affordable Addition to petrol, oil is another major cost of car owners. Car driving 5,000 kilometers basically need to be replaced. As the car one of the most important protection products, use high quality lubricant can effectively protect the engine, reducing Wear and tear Make better use of vehicle economy.

But now more and more brands of lubricating oil is the "squandering many to charming eyes." Thus, many owners altogether waved his hand: the selection of imports, had to be the most expensive. Many owners in the selection of lubricant that the oil level (grade) the higher the better, the more famous the better. In fact, it need not. The price of imported oil more expensive than domestic brands from 30% to 40% compared with generally more expensive domestic oil more than doubled. So blindly pursue high prices are also very brand-name is not necessary. Oil should be based on the requirements of the engine choice, neither is necessary to use the engine less demanding high levels of oil, nor can the lower class of lubricants used in demanding engine. Such as Xiali, Santana so Public Of the car, the use of domestic common lubricant sufficient, no need to have to use imported high-grade lubricating oil, according to vehicle technical requirements and conditions of use "do what is within."

3. Scientific and rational Service Your car

Vehicle maintenance, vehicle maintenance cycle is the mileage or time interval. Maintenance of high frequency is not a bad thing, can more effectively protect the performance of vehicles. Car initially is normal maintenance, the cost is relatively low; when the vehicles must travel a certain age or mileage will enter the maintenance period, the cost is relatively higher. Scientifically determine the types of maintenance operations mileage intervals, not only make the vehicles are kept in good technical condition, but also allows you to save Maintenance costs And repair costs. But in the decision in the automotive maintenance cycle, should refer to the vehicle manufacturer recommended maintenance cycle, combined with the technical condition of vehicles and their actual use conditions, the maintenance cycle to do the appropriate adjustments. For some fixed-point dealer recommended maintenance repair cycle you have to consider very carefully what, after all, is to make money dealers. General automotive vehicle in good condition, may be extended maintenance cycle; and poor vehicle condition or use of harsh conditions, and should be appropriate to shorten maintenance cycle.

4. Their simple parts replacement Air filter and wipers are essential for supporting automotive accessories, air filter air entering the engine must go through the first "hurdle", whose role is to filter out dust and impurities in the air, to maintain flows within the engine air are relatively clean, and wipers are enhancing the safety of owners travel during the rainy season.

General automobile air filter replaced and one in 20,000 km, 10,000 km to about inspections, windshield wipers need to be replaced once every six months to one year. Can be said that the air filters and wiper is the most affordable car part, and both the inspection and replacement is very simple, dedicated to a repair site, a waste of time and money is not worth it.

5. Fill your tank Often do not fill the tank is not uncommon that some owners often add only less than half tank of fuel, again close to running out of fuel. Actually, this will pump the fuel tank in the upper part of the regular lack of fuel cooling, heat burn easily. Need to replace a fuel pump several hundred dollars, in this way runs the risk control of oil is.

6. Car wash Waxing once a month

Excessive washing and waxing the paint would give the brightness is gradually degraded, if not essential, I suggest you also cleaned once a month is enough, when you use waxed detergency neutral bias and non-abrasive detergent Components of wax.

7. Do not buy "excess insurance" and "full insurance" Many owners buy

Car insurance Time, often to buy "excess insurance" and "full insurance." Excess insurance, the insurance policy limits higher than the actual value of the subject matter insured, such as purchasing a car worth 120,000 yuan, the purchase price is 15 million, the amount of 300,000 yuan insurance theft insurance, if the total loss to obtain compensation can only be 120 thousand yuan. "Insurance Law" third 19 second paragraph states: insured amount shall not exceed the insured value exceeds the insured value, the excess is invalid, he incurs the subject of insurance the insurer can only occur when the corresponding compensation for the loss, not because of insurance derive the value of the benefits go beyond the subject matter insured. In addition, not full insurance, is less than the insured limit Toubao actual value of the subject, this will be "proportional compensation" is still the example above, if this Toubao limit of 5 million, lower than the actual value of 70,000 yuan, in the event of total loss, the only compensation for 5 / 7 times the actual loss of 70,000, which will Peifu 50,000 yuan (Note: The above Junan? ** Hao scorpion throwing patients accounted for the remaining San diagram flails flapping Paradox?

8. To replace your filter

Should always pay attention to the filters to clean the car. Do not belittle it, and it has a direct impact on your car fuel consumption. The process of internal combustion engines used in cars, dust and other impurities will continue to mix oil in the same time, the exhaust air and combustion oxidation of the oil, the oil will gradually produce gum or sludge, it will not only speed up the parts wear, but also easily cause oil Road block. Therefore, to regularly clean the filter on the car. Most cars use a rotary engine mounted oil filter, this filter is not one-time removable and washable filter, when the replacement oil must also replace the oil filter, otherwise it will affect the quality of lubricating oil . Oil and oil filter change

Read more on 13 ways to cut unnecessary spending to save money brilliant idea of keeping a car…

Summary Wahaha Product strategy, appropriate follow-up, appropriate innovation, market rate and rhythm, are worth learning from.

Today, Wahaha Group production and sales of milk beverages, bottled water, Carbonated beverages , Tea drinks, juice drinks, canned food, medicine and health care products, snack foods and other eight categories of nearly 300 varieties of products, with 2007 sales of more than 200 billion yuan, accounting for China's beverage industry, one-sixth of output, is the beverage industry deserved boss. Wahaha sales contribution from new products each year the average rate of 20% -30%, emerged in the classic variety of nutritional products such as the fast lane. To some extent, Wahaha's success is the success of product strategy. Wahaha's product strategy

summary, appropriate follow-up, appropriate innovation, market rate and rhythm, are worth learning. However, the Wahaha anticlimactic product management and organization, is worth our reflection.

Forward: innovation, speed Follow-up of innovation Imitation follow-up, is Wahaha product strategy in the core vocabulary. Wahaha eight-treasure porridge, very Coke , Wahaha fruit juice, melon seeds, activate and other products are typical follow-up products. But the only follow-up strategy, it is difficult to explain the many products to come from behind Wahaha. Follow-up of innovation, not only to reduce market risk, while differentiated innovation and development, this is the Wahaha products to follow up the real core strategy!

1991, the Wahaha follow-up of children in Guangdong fruit milk beverages, opponents are only two flavors, Wahaha launched overnight, "pineapple, litchi, melon, strawberry, apple, grape," the six tastes and flavors for a group of six package sales, increased customer convenience and choice to buy, plus big-budget TV commercials bombing, sales quickly from behind.

Then, rivals have launched calcium milk, AD calcium milk Wahaha launched immediately, "Vitamin A + D helps calcium absorption more" demands more place and quickly catch up with rivals.

Master Kong Introduction of green tea, "green good mood," the public on education, Wahaha tea uses a "water source and Raw material "Segmentation," paradise of water, Longjing tea "demands," USP "prominent selling point, but also quick access to the industry top three.

This follow-up of innovation is only a small trick, not clever, but effective, may not be able to create long-term competitive advantage, but it must be able to quickly enhance the product's short-term sales.

Appropriate innovation "It is said that Wahaha would 'follow up', did not think we will come to a 'preemptive'. 'Follow-up''the first to' not Wahaha's patent, the two did not rule out the possibility. The key is Who is the most effective, what we have. "Zong says. Although the follow-up strategy

Wahaha well known, but the huge Wahaha products system, follow-up contribution in accounting for sales of innovative products is not high. Account of high sales, profit contribution is the first to enter the market in a big and innovative products. Wahaha purified water

the success of the year, mainly relying on "first to market, the first to spread," the product itself is no innovation. The past two years, Wahaha, have been introduced "Shuangwai Wai", "Nutrition Express" is a product ingredient formulations of innovation. These two types of products the market has a couple of years, and currently no strong competitors out of challenges, and one of the barriers to technological innovation.

With Wahaha integrated enterprise strength, from the packaging / flavors and other primary innovation, to the contents, production technology of high-level innovation, research and development center synchronization of Wahaha's new up to more than 100 products of quick The also have more than 10. In the input of funds, the Wahaha extracted every year at least 3% of sales as development funds, funding for technology development each year up to several million dollars. Strong R & D systems, technology continues to introduce new products as Wahaha, continue to develop the source.

Related Reading: "Danone? Wahaha" outstanding Board: a new test of joint venture model

KPMG case the whole sentence in January has refused to apologize and compensate to the Wahaha KPMG fraud conspiracy

Danone loses Wahaha was KPMG

Wahaha tough fight back out "six sins" that up to completion of conspiracy

Read more on Of Wahaha's product strategy…

The Nobel Brothers

The Falls of Clyde is the oldest surviving American tanker and the world’s only surviving sail-driven oil tanker.

In 1876, Ludvig and Robert Nobel, brothers of Alfred Nobel, founded Branobel (short for Brothers Nobel) in Baku, Azerbaijan. It was, during the late 19th century, one of the largest oil companies in the world.

Ludvig was a pioneer in the development of early oil tankers. He first experimented with carrying oil in bulk on single-hulled barges. Turning his attention to self-propelled tankships, he faced a number of challenges. A primary concern was to keep the cargo and fumes well away from the engine room to avoid fires. Other challenges included allowing for the cargo to expand and contract due to temperature changes, and providing a method to ventilate the tanks.

The world’s first successful oil tanker was Nobel’s Zoroaster. He designed this ship in Gothenburg, Sweden, with Sven Almqvist. The contract to build it was signed in January 1878, and it made its first run later that year from Baku to Astrakhan. The Zoroaster design was widely studied and copied, with Nobel refusing to patent any part of it. In October 1878, he ordered two more tankers of the same design: the Buddha and the Nordenskjld.

Zoraster carried its 242 long tons of kerosene cargo in two iron tanks joined by pipes. One tank was forward of the midships engineroom and the other was aft. The ship also featured a set of 21 vertical watertight compartments for extra buoyancy. The ship had a length overall of 184 feet (56 m), a beam of 27 feet (8.2 m), and a draft of 9 feet (2.7 m). Unlike later Nobel tankers, the Zoraster design was built small enough to sail from Sweden to the Caspian by way of the Baltic Sea, Lake Ladoga, Lake Onega, the Rybinsk and Mariinsk Canals and the Volga River.

Nobel then began to adopt a single-hull design, where the ship’s hull forms part of its tank structure. In November 1880, he ordered his first single-hulled tanker, the Moses. Within a year, he ordered seven more single-hulled tankers: the Mohammed, Tatarin, Bramah, Spinoza, Socrates, Darwin, Koran, Talmud, and Calmuck.

Branobel experienced one of the first oil tanker disasters. In 1881, the Zoroaster’s sister-ship, the Nordenskjld exploded in Baku while taking on kerosene. The pipe carrying the cargo was jerked away from the hold when the ship was hit by a gust of wind. Kerosene then spilled onto the deck and down into the engineroom, where mechanics were working in the light of kerosene lanterns. The ship then exploded, killing half the crew. Nobel responded to the disaster by creating a flexible, leakproof loading pipe which was much more resistant to spills.

In 1883, oil tanker design took a large step forward. Working for the Nobel company, Colonel Henry F. Swan designed a set of three Nobel tankers. Instead of one or two large holds, Swan’s design used several holds which spanned the width, or beam, of the ship. These holds were further subdivided into port and starboard sections by a longitudinal bulkhead. Earlier designs suffered from stability problems caused by the free surface effect, where oil sloshing from side to side could cause a ship to capsize. But this approach of dividing the ship’s storage space into smaller tanks virtually eliminated free-surface problems. This approach, almost universal today, was first used by Swan in the Nobel tankers Blesk, Lumen, and Lux.

In 1903, the Nobel brothers built two oil tankers which ran on internal combustion engines, as opposed to the older steam engines. The Vandal and Sarmat which were also the first diesel-electric ships were each capable of carrying 750 long tons of refined oil and powered by 360 horsepower (270 kW) diesel motors. This same firm soon went on to make much larger oil tankers, such as the Emanuel Nobel and Karl Hagelin, 4,600 long ton kerosene tankers with 1,200 horsepower (890 kW) engines.

The Glckauf grounded in heavy fog at Blue Point Beach on Fire Island.

The Glckauf represented a large step forward in tanker design. Another design of Colonel Swan, the ship has been called the “true progenitor of all subsequent tanker tonnage.” Its features included cargo valves operable from the deck, cargo main piping, a vapor line, cofferdams for added safety, and the ability to load seawater ballast when empty of cargo. Wilhelm Anton Riedemann, an agent for the Standard Oil Company purchased Glckauf and several of her sister ships. After the Glckauf was lost in 1893, Standard Oil purchased the sister ships.

Breaking the Standard Oil monopoly

The 1880s also saw the beginnings of the Asian oil trade. The oil industry in Azerbaijan was the largest producer in the world at that time, but was limited to the Russian market. John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil dominated the world market. The Rothschilds already had constructed a railway to the Black Sea.

The idea that led to moving Russian oil to the Far East via the Suez Canal was the brainchild of two men: importer Marcus Samuel and shipowner/broker Fred Lane the London agent for the De Rothschild Frres. Prior bids to move oil through the canal had been rejected by the Suez Canal Company as being too risky. Samuel approached the problem a different way: asking the company for the specifications of a tanker it would allow through the canal.

Armed with the canal companies specifications, Samuel had James Fortescue Flannery designing tankers for Bnito the Russian oil company of the Rothschilds and ordered three tankers from William Gray in northern England. Named the Murex, the Conch and the Clam, each had a capacity of 5,010 long tons of deadweight. In 1893, the Samuel brothers founded the Tank Syndicate together with Fred Lane and Asian trading companies. In 1897 it was renamed Shell Transport and Trading company, forerunner of today’s Royal Dutch Shell company.

With facilities prepared in Jakarta, Singapore, Bangkok, Saigon, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Kobe, the fledgling Shell company was ready to become Standard Oil’s first challenger in the Asian market. On August 24, 1892, the Murex became the first tanker to pass through the Suez Canal.

In the meanwhile, in 1890 the Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Petroleumbronnen in Nederlandsch-Indie (KNMEP) (Royal Dutch Company for the Working of Petroleum Wells in Netherlands India) part of Royal Dutch Petroleum was founded. In 1892 it found oil near Pangkalan Brandan on Sumatra, just some months before Samuels kerosene arrived in Singapore. At first, chartered ships were used, but in 1896 KNMEP launched its first tankers, the Besitang and Berandan. The threat of the Tank Syndicate was reduced as the Dutch government excluded them from trading in the Dutch East Indies. To prevent a hostile takeover by Standard Oil, preference shares were issued. By the time Shell merged with Royal Dutch Petroleum in 1907, the company had 34 steam-driven oil tankers. Standard Oil started building tankers the same way as Shell and by 1900 owned around 60 tankers.

El guila (Mexican Eagle Oil Company) founded in 1900 by Weetman Pearson to develop the newly found Mexican oil fields, nationalized in 1938 as PEMEX also had its own tanker fleet. They quickly adopted Isherwoods new longitudinal framing system that allowed much larger ships and a simpler construction process. Just before World War I they owned a fleet of 20 tankers. Standard Oil did not participate directly in the newly discovered oil fields in Texas such as Spindletop and Oklahoma, which gave opportunities for new oil companies as Gulf Oil and Texas Fuel Company, later Texaco. Avoiding the use of Standard Oil’s pipe line system, they started using tankers to get their oil to the East Coast. In combination with the oil fields discovered in Mexico and Venezuela, this caused a rise in the demand for tankers, which gave opportunities for the first independents, such as the Norwegian Wilh. Wilhelmsen, that launched its first tanker in 1913.

World War I and interbellum

Underway replenishment was pioneered aboard the USS Maumee

The fleet oiler USS Maumee, launched on April 17, 1915, pioneered the technique of underway replenishment. A large ship at the time, with a capacity of 14,500  long tons of deadweight, Maumee began refuelling destroyers en route to Britain at the outset of World War I. This technique enabled the Navy to keep its fleets at sea for extended periods, with a far greater range independent of the availability of a friendly port. This independence proved crucial to victory in World War II by the ships commanded by Fleet Admiral Nimitz who, as Maumee executive officer, had played a key role in developing underway replenishment.

Underway replenishment was quickly adopted by other navies. One example of this is the Australian fleet oiler HMAS Kurumba which provided underway replenishment services in the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy from 1917 to 1919.

During World War I, unrestricted submarine warfare caused a shortage of tankers. The United States ambassador to the United Kingdom, Walter Hines Page, wrote “The submarines are sinking freight ships faster than freight ships are being built by the whole world. In this way, too, then, the Germans are succeeding. Now if this goes on long enough, the Allies’ game is up. For instance, they have lately sunk so many fuel oil ships, that this country may very soon be in a perilous condition even the Grand Fleet may not have enough fuel”. Georges Clemenceau wrote to US president Wilson “Gasoline is as vital as blood in the coming battlesa failure in the supply of gasoline would cause the immediate paralysis of our armies”. Wilson reacted strongly. The War Shipping Board commandeered all ships in the United States and also took over all yards. An unprecedented budget of $US1.3 billion was used for this end. At Hog Island, the largest shipyard in the world was built, known for the Hog Islander.

Between 1916 and 1921, 316 tankers were built with a total capacity of 3.2 million long tons of deadweight, where the entire world fleet before World War I was just above 2 million tons. In 1923 about 800,000 long tons were laid up, which gave enormous opportunities for speculators, such as Daniel Keith Ludwig. In 1925 he had bought the freighter Phoenix and put tanks in the holds. These riveted tanks leaked, which resulted in a explosive mixture. The resulting explosion killed two crew members and badly injured Ludwig. After this, he was a strong believer in welding.

The transition of ships using oil in stead of coal, mass production of automobiles and aviation taking off, all resulted in an increased demand for oil and thus oil transport.

With the right connections at the Shipping Board, ships could be bought cheaply, which caused a lot of fraud. This system was to complicated for the oil companies however, so when World War II started, independents owned 39 percent of the world tanker fleet. This was especially because oil companies needed capital to invest in the growing oil market. By not buying the ships, but chartering, the bond rating of the oil companies was not affected, because the charter hire was not recognized as debt in that time. In 1934 H.T. Schierwater founded the International Tanker Owners Association later International Association of Independent Tanker Owners or INTERTANKO to protect the interests of thes companies in a strongly fluctuating market.

World War II

Allied oil tankers were often targeted by U-Boats in World War II

When World War II broke out in 1939, Roosevelt could not support the United Kingdom directly, as in 1935 the Shipping Neutrality Act was signed to prevent Mussolini from invading Ethiopia. A solution was found by flagging out to Panama, which was under US control. The advantage for shipping companies was not having to comply with US regulations and not having to sail with US crew which were 50 percent more expensive than European crews at that time. In 1939 there were 52 tankers with a total capacity of 700,000 long tons of deadweight under Panamanian flag, a boost for flags of convenience.

The block construction method was invented in the United States, because German U-boats were sinking more ships then could be built with existing methods. By building in blocks and welding, the construction time could be reduced dramatically. Daniel Keith Ludwig had an important role in this, as he introduced the method at his Welding Shipyards in Norfolk as part of the Emergency Shipbuilding program.

Particularly the T2 tanker played an important part in World War II. The T2-SE-A1 with a capacity of 16,613 long tons of deadweight, was the most popular variant with nearly 500 built during the war. After the war, these tankers were used commercially for decades, and many were sold on the international market.

In this period, the World Scale was introduced to determine freight tariffs.

Until 1956, tankers were designed to be able to navigate the Suez Canal. This size restriction became much less of a priority after the closing of the canal during the Suez Crisis of 1956. Forced to move oil around the Cape of Good Hope, shipowners realized that bigger tankers were the key to more efficient transport.

The supertanker era

Where the size of tankers had been more or less the same for 25 years, after World War II they have grown in size significantly, initially slowly. A typical T2 tanker of the World War II era was 532 feet (162 m) long and had a capacity of 16,500 DWT. A modern ultra-large crude carrier (ULCC) can be 1,300 feet (400 m) long and have a capacity of 500,000 DWT. Several factors encouraged this growth. Hostilities in the Middle East which interrupted traffic through the Suez Canal contributed, as did nationalization of Middle East oil refineries. Fierce competition among shipowners also played a part. But apart from these considerations is a simple economic advantage: the larger an oil tanker is, the more cheaply it can move crude oil, and the better it can help meet growing demands for oil.

Where the refinery of oil had taken place near the well earlier, this moved to the consumer location in this stage. Oil production in the Middle East developed and the dominance of product tankers was replaced by crude oil carriers. Soon, Panamax tankers were built, soon followed bij Aframax and Suezmax tankers because of economics.

After the war, it was expected that a large number of tankers would be laid up, which indeed happened. The United States Maritime Commission had replaced the War Shipping Board, but fraudulent activities remained. Onassis and Niarchos used this to buy tankers cheaply. The expected economic decline did not come, amongst others due to the Marshall plan, increasing the demand for oil such, that in 1947 there was a shortage of tankers. Freight tariffs triple overnight, enabling some to recoup their investment in one voyage.

Ludwig had started Universe Tankships in 1947 and begun building larger tankers on his Welding Shipyards. The Bulkpetrol of 30,000 long tons was the largest tanker of its time. Four of the five Bulk class tankers sank, likely because welding technology was not yet fully understood. As larger ships could not be constructed on the yard in Norfolk, Ludwig went to Japan where he introduced the block construction method at the Kure Naval Yard. Here, in 1952, he built the Petrokure of 38,000 long tons. That same year, Onassis built a tanker of 45,000 long ton and also Niarchos constructed super tankers. Both Onassis and Niarchos claimed to be the largest independent tanker owner in the world.

The Sinclair Petrolore that Ludwig built in 1955, was with 56,000 long tons not only the largest freighter in the world, but also a self-unloading ore-oil carrier, the only one of that type ever built. It exploded on 6 December 1960 near Brazil likely because of cargo leakage in the double bottom resulting in the largest spill until then with 60,000 tons.

In 1956, the Universe Leader of 85,000 long tons just in time before the Suez Crisis started with the Pannegia was built. In ten years time, tanker size had quadrupled. In 1958, Ludwig broke the barrier of 100,000 long tons of heavy displacement. His Universe Apollo displaced 104,500 long tons, a 23% increase from the Universe Leader.

In 1962 Niarchos built the SS Manhattan of 106,000 long tons. This is the largest merchant vessel ever built in the United States. It was converted to have ice breaking capacities in 1969 and was the first commercial ship to cross the Northwest Passage. Although the voyage was a success, a second attempt to cross the passage in winter proved impossible, and there were numerous environmental concerns with the project, so it was cancelled and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System built.

In 1966, the Idemitsu Maru of 206,000 long tons was built. In twenty years, the size of tankers had increased tenfold.

Closure Suez Canal

The oil spill caused by the Torrey Canyon in 1967 caused a public awareness about the environmental dangers of oil tankers. Oil companies united in 1970 in the Oil Companies International Marine Forum to become involved in the following issuing of rules such as MARPOL 73. In 1968 also the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation was founded to indemnify the victims.

For tanker owners, the Six-Day War of 1967 was of greater importance however. The Suez Canal closed until 1975 and freight rates sky rocketed because of the shortage of tonnage now ships had to pass the Cape of Good Hope. Even larger tankers were now built, as the limitations of the Suez Canal were not governing anymore. In only a couple of years the size of tankers quadrupled to more than 500,000 long tons and there were even plans for tankers of 1,000,000 long tons. In 1969 the first ULCC’s were built.

The Knock Nevis rivals some of the world’s largest buildings in size

The world’s largest supertanker ever was built for Tung Chao Yung in 1979 at the Oppama Shipyard of Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. as the Seawise Giant. This ship was built with a capacity of 564,763 DWT, a length overall of 458.45 metres (1,504.1 ft) and a draft of 24.611 metres (80.74 ft). She has 46 tanks, 31,541 square metres (339,500 sq ft) of deck, and is too large to pass through the English Channel.

Seawise Giant was renamed Happy Giant in 1989, Jahre Viking in 1991. From 1979 to 2004, she was owned by Loki Stream, at which point she was bought by First Olsen Tankers, renamed Knock Nevis and converted into a permanently moored storage tanker. The Batillus class supertankers are the biggest ships ever constructed by gross tonnage.

Although the tanker fleet increased around 12 percent annually around 1970, a shortage on tonnage remained. In 1973 this resulted in an enormous increase in new building orders, especially from oil majors that wanted to gain on the quicker deciding independents, who could ask enormous rates for their vessels. Where the existing tanker fleet comprised some 150 million long tons, in a quarter of a year a tonnage of 75 million was ordered, although new build prices doubled.

The increase in scale brought a new problem. Until then, the washing of tanks after cargo discharge was done by water. In December 1969 three tankers exploded during tank washing. The Dutch Shell tanker Marpessa sank off Dakar and became the largest merchant vessel ever lost. The other two, the British Shell tanker Mactra en the Norwegian Kong Haakon VII were damaged heavily, but remained afloat. Shell investigated the matter and came to the conclusion that water drops that impact steel with high velocity generates static electricity that can cause explosions in combination with cargo vapors. This only became apparent with the large sizes of the tanks of VLCC’s.

The solution was found by filling the cargo tanks with inert gas (IG), reducing the oxygen level such that the tank remains below the explosive limit. The use of IG is seen as the biggest step in increasing tanker safety. Ten years later however, fifty people were killed when the Betelgeuse exploded at Whiddy Island in Bantry Bay. The Total tanker was still not fitted with inert gas. The Energy Concentration did have this system, preventing an explosion when it broke in two on 21 July 1980 during discharge at Europoort. It has also saved many lives during the Tanker War.

Wahing with water in combination with the Load on Top system was replaced by Crude Oil Washing (COW), a method developed by BP. The advantages were cleaner tanks, no corrosive sea water in cargo tanks and no polluted sea water being pumped overboard.

Oil Crisis and consolidation

On 10 October 1973 the Yom Kippur War begun, causing the 1973 oil crisis, tripling oil prices to US$10 per barrel, halting economic growth. New build ships sometimes went straight from the yard to lay up. The situation worsened when the Suez Canal was reopened in 1975. Just when the situation begun to improve in 1979, the Iranian Revolution caused the second oil crisis, causing oil prices to rise to US$30. Ships were sometimes sent to the breakers after being in service for only ten years. It took until the end of the 1980s before any profits were being made in oil transport.

In 1979, World-Wide Shipping of Yue-Kong Pao with 204 vessels, many of them tankers, was the largest shipping company in the world with a tonnage of 20.5 million, but in the five years after that he sold some 140 vessels to manage the crisis. In 1980 Daniel K. Ludwig had the largest fleet after Y. K. Pao and C. Y. Tung and was regarded the richest man of the United States. Currently, John Fredriksen owns the largest tanker operator in the world, Frontline. He also owns almost ten percent of the largest shipping company in the world, Overseas Shipholding Group.

During the salvage of the Argo Merchant, the Intervention Convention was used for the first time.

Tanker Stena Victory, a V-MAX, approaching LOOP from anchorage.

In 1976, the Intervention Convention was used for the first time when the US Coast Guard took on the salvage of the Argo Merchant, although the vessel was in international waters. This was the first time the monopoly of flag states was broken through.

The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the incentive to introduce legislation requiring tankers to have a double hull, a measure that is not seen as the best solution by all experts. Where a double hull should minimize the consequenses after a disaster, Concordia Maritime developed the Stena V-MAX, a VLCC with two propellers, two rudders and two redundant engine rooms, where a single fault does not result in loss of steering, reducing the chances of a grounding.

The size of VLCC’s and ULCC’s limits their sailing area and available ports. In the United States, Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP) is the only facility that is able to handle VLCC’s. To overcome this, lightering from large tankers in smaller ones that are able to reach the destination port. The largest oil terminal is Ras Tanura in Saudi Arabia.

ULCC’s had not been built since the beginning of the 1980s until the Greek Hellespont Steamship Corporation ordered four double hull supertankers in 1999. These ships were built in 2002 and 2003 as the Hellespont Alhambra, Hellespont Metropolis, Hellespont Tara and Fairfax. Hellespont sold these ships to Overseas Shipholding Group and Euronav in 2004. These TI class supertankers currently known as the TI Asia, TI Europe, TI Oceania, and TI Africa are as of 2008 the worlds four largest working supertankers.

Each of the four sister ships has a capacity of over 441,500 DWT, a length overall of 380.0 metres (1,247 ft) and a cargo capacity of 3,166,353 barrels (503,409,900 l). The first ULCC tankers to be built for some 25 years, they were also the first ULCCs to be double-hulled. To differentiate them from smaller ULCCs, these ships are sometimes given the V-Plus size designation. In February 2008, their owners announced plans to convert TI Africa and the TI Asia into stationary floating storage and offloading units to be placed in the Al Shaheen oilfield near Qatar in late 2009.

With the exception of the pipeline, the tanker is the most cost-effective way to move oil today. Worldwide, tankers carry some 2 billion barrels (3.21011 l) annually, and the cost of transportation by tanker amounts to only US$0.02 per gallon at the pump.

Flags of convenience

The first open register was Panama in 1916. Fear for political instability and high and excessive consular fees led the president of Liberia, William Tubman, in 1948 to start an open register with the help of Edward Stettinius, Jr.. The World Peace of Stavros Niarchos was the first ship in that register. In 1967 Liberia passed the United Kingdom as the largest register. Nowadays, Panama currently the largest register and Liberia have one third of the world fleet under their flag.

Flags of convenience have lower standards for vessel, equipment, and crew the traditional maritime countries and often have classification societies certify and inspect the vessels in their registry, instead of by their own shipping authority. This made it attractive for ship owners to change flag, whereby the ship lost the economic link and the country of registry. With this, also the link between classification society and traditional maritime country became less obvious – for instance Lloyd’s with the United Kingdom and ABS with the United States. This made it easier to change class and introduced a new phenomena; class hopping. A ship owner that is dissatisfied with class can change to a different class relatively easily. This has led to more competition between classes and a relaxation of the rules. This has led to the shipping industry losing confidence in the classification societies, but also by the European Commission.

To counteract class hopping, the IACS has established TOCA (Transfer Of Class Agreement).

In 1978, a number of European countries agreed in The Hague on a memorandum that agreed to audit whether the labour conditions on board vessels were according the rules of the ILO. After the Amoco Cadiz sank that year, it was decided to also audit on safety and pollution. To this end, in 1982 the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU) was agreed upon, establishing Port State Control, nowadays consisting of 24 European countries and Canada. In practice, this was a reaction on the failure of the flag states – especially flags of convenience that have delegated their task to classification societies – to comply with their inspection duties.

See also

Nautical portal

Aristotle Onassis

List of oil spills

List of replenishment ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary

List of tankers

List of Type T2 Tanker names

Marine transfer operations

Stavros Niarchos

References

Notes

^ Chisholm, 19:316.

^ a b c d e Chisholm, 19:320.

^ a b c d Woodman, 1975, p 175.

^ a b c d Tolf, 1976, p. 54.

^ a b c Chisholm, 24:881.

^ Woodman, 1975, p. 176.

^ Delgado, James (1988). “Falls of Clyde National Historic Landmark Study”. Maritime Heritage Program. National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/nhl/falls.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-24. 

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Tolf, 1976, p. 55.

^ Tolf, 1976, p. 56.

^ a b c d Tolf, 1976, p. 58.

^ a b Huber, 2001, p.5.

^ Turpin and McEven, 1980:8-24.

^ Chisholm, 24:881-882.

^ Chisholm, 24:882.

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Woodman, 1975, p. 177.

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Devanney, 2006, p. 14-16.

^ Jonker, Joost and Luiten van Zanden, Jan (2007). Searching for oil in Roubaix, The Rothschild Archive, Review of the year April 2006 to March 2007

^ a b c d Navy Dept., Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Naval History Division. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Volume 6. ISBN 0160020301. http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m6/maumee-ii.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-23. 

^ “Afloat Support”. Navy Contribution to Australian Maritime Operations. Royal Australian Navy. pp. 113120. ISBN 064229654. http://www.navy.gov.au/Publication:Navy_Contribution_to_Australian_Maritime_Operations. Retrieved 2008-02-23. 

^ Hendrick, 2007, p. 14.

^ “Energy Security Policy as Economic Statecraft: A Concise Historical Overview of the Last 100 Years”. Agora Without Frontiers (Piraeus: Institute of International Economic Relations) 9 (4): 327329. http://www.idec.gr/iier/new/TOMOS%209/TEYXOS%204/TSAKIRIS_9_4.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-08. 

^ a b c d e Marine Log, 2008.

^ a b c d Huber, 2001, p.23.

^ a b Huber, 2001, fig 1-16.

^ a b Time Magazine (1957-10-14). “The Biggest Tankers”. Time Magazine. Time Incorporated. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,862805,00.html. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 

^ a b Time Magazine (1958-12-15). “Dona’s Daughter”. Time Magazine. Time Incorporated. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810773,00.html. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 

^ Evangelista, Joe, Ed. (Winter 2002). “Scaling the Tanker Market”. Surveyor (American Bureau of Shipping) (4): 511. http://www.eagle.org/NEWS/pubs/pdfs/SurveyorWinter02.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-27. 

^ a b c Det Norske Veritas, 2008. Dimensions.

^ a b Singh, 1999.

^ a b Wrtsil Coproration (2008). “Hellespont Alhambra”. wartsila.com. wartsila.com. http://www.wartsila.com/,en,solutions,0,marine_references,32397EA2-BD58-4E21-AEA3-E69DFCF5446E,3D99061B-4028-41C4-A8FA-2715B028D9D5,,.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 

^ Hellespont Shipping Corporation (2008). “2000’s Fleet Renewal”. Group History. Hellespont Shipping Corporation. http://www.hellespont.com/index.php?seite=seite&subid=17&pos=5&open=14. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 

^ a b Overseas Shipholding Group, Inc. (2008-02-28). “Overseas Shipholding Group Enters FSO Market”. Press Releases. Overseas Shipholding Group, Inc.. http://ir.osg.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=82053&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1113471&highlight=. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 

^ International Registries, Inc (2007-04-30). “World’s Largest Double-Hull Tanker Newbuildings Fly Marshall Islands Flag”. Press Releases. International Registries, Inc. http://www.register-iri.com/content/press/110.cfm. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 

^ a b Tankers International (March 2008). “Fleet List”. tankersinternational.com. Tankers International LLC.. http://www.tankersinternational.com/fleet_list.php?type=1&order=year_down. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 

^ Overseas Shipholding Group, 2008, Fleet List.

^ a b Huber, 2001, p.211.

^ “Chapter 2, Structure and ownership of the world fleet” (PDF). Review of Maritime Transport 2007 (UNCTAD): 36. December 2007. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2007_en.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-13. 

^ The Commission shares the concerns often expressed in various sectors of the maritime industry that the performance of classification societies does not always meet the standards required. COM(2000) 142 final, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Safety of the Seaborne Oil Trade, p. 19

However, largely due to the commercial pressure exercised on the classification societies, and to the growing number of organisations operating in the field without having sufficient expertise and professionalism, the confidence of the shipping community in these organisations has declined in the recent decades. p. 23

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Overseas Shipholding Group (2008-02-28). “Overseas Shipholding Group Enters FSO Market”. Press Releases. Overseas Shipholding Group. http://ir.osg.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=82053&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1113471&highlight=. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 

Sawyer, L. A.; Mitchell, W. O. (1987). Sailing ship to supertanker: the hundred-year story of British Esso and its ships. Lavenham, Suffolk: Terence Dalton. ISBN 0-86138-055-X. 

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Tarman, Daniel; Heitmann, Edgar (2008-04-07). “Case Study II: Derbyshire, Loss of a Bulk Carrier”. Educational Case Studies. Washington, D.C.: Ship Structure Committee. http://www.shipstructure.org/derby.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-07. 

Tolf, Robert W. (1976). “4: The World’s First Oil Tankers”. The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry. Hoover Press. ISBN 0817965815. http://books.google.com/books?id=3DmsQLtWq1wC&pg=PR38&dq=%2BNobel+%2Btanker+%2BZoroaster&num=100&sig=CpA2y3iTadVv_iihDA5mp_sN92M#PPA50,M1. 

Transport Canada (1984). Standard for Inert Gas Systems. http://www.tc.gc.ca/publications/EN/TP4295/PDF/HR/TP4295E.pdf. 

Turpin, Edward A.; McEwen, William A. (1980). Merchant Marine Officers’ Handbook (4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87038-056-X. 

United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2006). Review of Maritime Transport, 2006. New York and Geneva: United Nations. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf. 

Woodman, Richard (1998). The History of the Ship: The Comprehensive Story of Seafaring from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. New York: Lyons Press. ISBN 1-55821-681-2. 

Further reading

Spyrou, Andrew G.. From T-2 to Supertanker: Development of the Oil Tanker, 1940-2000. [United States]: iUniverse, Inc. ISBN 0-595-36068-8. 

Sullivan, George (1978). Supertanker!: The Story of the World’s Biggest Ships. New York: Dodd Mead. ISBN 0-396-07527-4. 

Stopford, Martin (1997). Maritime economics. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15309-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=_R-YB70kly8C&printsec=frontcover. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Oil tankers

Bill Willis. Supertankers

Intertanko – the society of International Tanker Operators

The International Maritime Organization – Tanker Safety (for double-hulls)

Categories: Oil tankers

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