If you are pondering over this question, “how to get back with my ex girlfriend” please understand that this is a very delicate situation. Feelings may be badly hurt on both ends and anything that you may do now or not do may cause even more hurt.
Read more on How to Get Back With My Ex Girlfriend – 5 Steps That Will Not Fail You…
The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.
Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…
The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.
Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…
There are times when your relationship suddenly falls apart and either one or both of you may doubt whether it is all over especially if the relationship is new. Some men simply cannot reconcile to the fact that their girlfriend dumped them and so they hope to get back with their girlfriend again. If you are asking, “How can I get back together with my ex girlfriend”, it is important to plan your moves ahead.
Read more on How Can I Get Back Together With My Ex Girlfriend – Nothing Is Impossible…
Relationships are delicate and need to be nurtured with loving dedication to make them grow strong. Sadly, everything is not as rosy as we would like it to be. When relationships are broken, they drain us of all our emotions, feelings, ability to think clearly and in acute cases, even our physical well being.
Read more on Get Back at Your Ex – 5 Ideas…
Have you just gone through a break up? Are you thinking how to get an ex back? Many people experience some sort of a break up but most of them just concentrate on moving on rather than searching for a way to get an ex back. If you are not a part of that league and you want to work towards how to get an ex back, then here are some tips for you. Does a break up mean that there are no chances of getting back together with your ex?
Read more on How To Get An Ex Back – Know What You Are Doing…
As we get older, joint pain becomes more of an issue. This can mainly be due to the thinning of the cartilage and as a result arthitis begins to take a hold. Sure enough, we crave natural joint pain relief and strive to find that perfect solution that will allow us to carry on with our lives pain free. Below are some strategies to bring you that desired pain relief.
Early life
Alfond was born in Swampscott, Massachusetts, on March 6, 1914, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, Simon and Rose Alfond. Harold, his brother, David, and four sisters, Anne, Bertha, Gladys and Grace grew up in Swampscott and attended Swampscott schools. In high school, Harold was an outstanding athlete and developed his passion for sports.
Founding Dexter Shoes
After graduating from high school in 1934, Harold got a job at Kesslen Shoe Company in Kennebunk, Maine, where his father worked. In a short time, he rose from odd shoe boy to factory superintendent. In 1940, Harold and his father bought a shoe factory in Norridgewock, Maine, and founded Norrwock Shoe Company. They sold the company to Shoe Corp. of America in 1943 and Harold stayed on as president for 25 years.
After a few years, however, he got the desire to run his own company again and Dexter Shoe Company was born. Harold bought an old woolen mill in Dexter, Maine in 1956 and started making shoes for the “make-up” market (Sears, JC Penney, Spiegel, Montgomery Ward & Co., etc.). Although Dexter was successful from the beginning, Harold soon tired of being controlled by a few large customers and decided to go into the “branded” business. He developed a line of shoes under the Dexter name, hired a sales force and began selling to independent shoe stores across the country.
Harold is often credited with the invention of the factory outlet store. Because factories make mistakes, not all shoes come out as first grade. The mistakes are called FDs (factory damaged). The practice in the industry was to sell these FDs to jobbers for about a dollar a pair. The jobbers would resell them for five times their cost. Harold thought that was a pretty good mark-up so in the 1960s he opened an outlet store at Dexter’s Skowhegan factory and started selling his own FDs. Soon, the factories weren’t making enough mistakes to supply the store so Harold decided to put in stale inventory (first grade shoes that weren’t selling in the wholesale market). This worked so well that Dexter’s log cabin style outlet stores started popping up on all the heavily traveled roads throughout New England. Other manufacturers caught on to the idea and as Dexter put up new stores, other manufacturers would open their outlets next door. By the 1990s the Dexter Factory Outlet chain had expanded to over 80 stores. About this time, Dexter also stopped building freestanding log cabins and began leasing stores in the new “Outlet Malls”.
Dexter continued to grow rapidly throughout the 1970s and 1980s, and from time to time corporate suitors came calling to see if they could entice Dexter into a marriage. Many of these were national retail chains that promised rapid expansion, but would emphasize foreign production and likely, a departure from Dexter family style of running the business. Finally Harold decided to sell, to Berkshire Hathaway, which agreed not to interfere with the family’s continued management of the business. On November 7, 1993, Dexter and its affiliates, Pan Am Shoe and Ocsap Ltd., were sold.
The Boston Red Sox
In 1978, a group purchasing the Boston Red Sox was looking for a Maine sportsman to join them. Harold was the obvious choice and ever since Dexter has been a limited partner in the franchise. When Dexter was sold to Berkshire Hathaway in 1993, the Alfond family retained its stake in the team.
Family life
On August 5, 1943, Harold married Dorothy “Bibby” Levine of Waterville. They raised four children: Ted (1944), Susan (1945), Bill (1948) and Peter (1952) who have gone on to provide them with thirteen grandchildren and eleven great grandchildren. Dorothy Alfond died in 2006.
Harold founded Dexter Enterprises, Inc. in 1996. The company has served as an important management resource for all family members, with their investment, legal, and business interests. In 1997, Harold launched the construction and operation of the Belgrade Lakes Golf Course, which has been recognized as among the best public golf courses in the country. In 2002, Golf Digest recognized the course as the only 5-star public golf course in the Northeast.
Philanthropy
In order to coordinate his charitable giving, Harold, at the age of 36, organized the first private foundation in the state of Maine, the Harold Alfond Foundation. The foundation has contributed more than $100 million to charitable causes since 1950. He has donated money to various colleges to help improve their sports facilities; for example, the Alfond Arena at the University of Maine, and the Harold and Ted Alfond Sports Center at Rollins College, as well as the Alfond Center at Saint Joseph’s College of Maine. Alfond also contributed a large sum to Saint Joseph’s College of Maine to build the aptly named Alfond Hall, the college’s primary academic hall.
In 2007, having lived with cancer for 17 years, Alfond donated $7 million to a cancer care center at MaineGeneral Medical Center in Augusta. The center is named the Harold Alfond Center for Cancer Care.
Thanks to the Harold Alfond Foundation, starting in January 2009, all Maine newborns will be eligible for a USD 500.00 grant for college. See www.500forbaby.org.
References
^ Dolloff, Aimee. “Philanthropist Harold Alfond dies in Maine”. Bangor Daily News. http://bangornews.com/news/t/news.aspx?articleid=156613&zoneid=583. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
^ Remal, Gary. “Alfond Center for Cancer Care officially opens”. Kennebec Journal. http://kennebecjournal.mainetoday.com/news/local/4111540.html. Retrieved 2007-08-08.
^ Adams, Glenn (2007-12-11). “Maine Newborns to Get $500 for College”. ABC News. Associated Press. http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=3986115. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
Persondata
NAME
Harold Alfond
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION
Businessman and philanthropist
DATE OF BIRTH
1914
PLACE OF BIRTH
Swampscott, Massachusetts
DATE OF DEATH
2007-11-16
PLACE OF DEATH
Maine
Categories: 1914 births | 2007 deaths | Russian-American Jews | Cancer deaths in MaineHidden categories: Articles with hCards
From 2002 onwards, machine tool industry has maintained a 20% to 30% of high growth, much higher than GDP growth rate. In its traction, driven by rapidly scrolling features sectors fire up a handful of several domestic manufacturing enterprises with independent brands overtime or can not meet the strong demand for users of the ball screw, so good days so that the upstream and downstream businesses are happy.
As the hot market from the influx of different sources of funding, just a few years, enterprises rolling features, such as the development springing up to 80 more than doubled production and sales so far, scroll feature branch can not take a more complete and convincing statistics. Changes in the market is too fast, fast was amazing, even many people in the industry did not expect the expansion of machine tool industry and prosperity in the second quarter of 2008 quietly stop. Followed closely related with the ball screw enterprises and small and medium general-purpose machine tools manufacturer machine tools production and sales since July began to decline at an alarming rate, "the inadequacy of the contract" in the industry like a plague spread rapidly.
The face of the market nosedive, a corporate boss in mid-October the ninth issue of Beijing Machine Tool show such a sigh: rolling machine tool business and enterprise features "honeymoon period" officially ended.
Leader and with the run
A ball screw for many years engaged in the work of Liu management that features rolling machine tool industry and the industry there is a "lead" and "run with" relationship. Machine tool industry in the development of faster, ball screw company on the "live", the better, hand in hand with each other in northwestern China.
In recent years, machine tool market demand, indeed driven ball screw industries, several companies on the size of ball screw formed in the domestic market, the so-called "first tier", the basic occupied 70% market share. In order to expand production capacity, mostly with poor selling a number of key enterprise strategies, said that the situation in good time in small quantities, or less than 20 million orders for basic rejection of the contract, this inadvertent production enterprises to small and medium sized ball screws brought a rare opportunity for development and survival of Taiwan-funded enterprises took the opportunity to take advantage of "eating" approach to producing high-quality marketing by means of gradual expansion of market share, not only stopped the heel in the mainland market, but also received considerable economic benefits. At a time when several key domestic companies are also piled up orders for the extremely busy too! In order not to delay in delivery, some enterprises simply a "one out" approach to expand production capacity, the volume of products into a rough business entrusted to private enterprise to do, only the key processes such as precision machining, precision detection of the core operations in business to complete. Well beyond the unprecedented situation of absolute majority expected.
At this time, batch after batch of key enterprises retirees all seem to have found useless, some separate hills after retirement, some people play a joint venture with the dry heat from the line of work, the original mystery ball wire bars production process quickly gaining in popularity in small and medium enterprises, which formed the SMEs in the low-end market (mainly length of 2.5 meters below the low-precision screw) quickly gathered and products are too homogeneous phenomenon.
Cut small enterprises stop production of large enterprises
"You run too fast, we are too closely, you kick Jicha, rear-end accident on the inevitable happened." In the recently held a business conference held at the order, the organizers of a casual remark led to the presence of machine tool business chiefs smile tears.
In sales, according to a person in charge of the work, the participants of these major customers on a monthly basis before the demand for ball screws are 100 million or above, but starting in June this year, less than 3 months time , demand decreased by more than half, or even more than three-quarters, some companies now accept orders in part inventory in the digest. Contrast is decreasing the contract amount has already forced some companies to launch operations to roughing it took to come back, and in one piece, small batch to undertake the contract has launched a competition with the small and medium enterprises, as different levels boxer contest with Taiwan — viability of the SMEs are squeezed more and more. It can be asserted that "cold" and pressing harder and harder for SMEs will be part of the life and death is a catastrophe.
"Every year on 7 October is the peak season for production, the production units are at full capacity, basically three shifts, 24 hours a day of individual machine shop, and this year the normal work month of the workers 9,10 big generous reduced by a quarter, nearly two thirds of the equipment in the starting rotation. " While a ball screw, a workshop for the development of enterprises in talking about the current situation of concern and uncertainty somewhat slightly, but he still thinks that "the death of camel lean than Martha," the backbone of business and are spread throughout the cold SMEs can not withstand the strength of the market risk compared.
Cold moves
It is understood that in recent years are in the first tier of the domestic ball screw manufacturers in terms of transformation, or in research and product development has made remarkable progress over the previous few years, especially more than 3 meters in heavy, large lead , long screw in the production area have extraordinary performance of individual enterprises in practice have its own original, "unique skills", and import substitution has been achieved initial success.
For instance, some through independent research using hard milling techniques to replace the rotating part of the traditional car grinding process; some by first-class equipment imported from overseas, to improve product quality; also some new research by market, while consolidating the traditional machine tools other than the railway has been , aviation, electrical and other industries steadily. Such infighting rivalry between domestic enterprises to high-end market, ball screw into more good than harm.
In fact, the long-standing industry experts blamed the "professional level of production is not high, slow process of industrialization, personalized service can not keep up, R & D fighting each other," and other old issues are being gradually solved. See the overall level of product, the domestic backbone enterprises in middle and low product with similar products or gap between the small flat, but high-end products and foreign products, there are still some gaps. Should also be noted that the products of domestic companies price and delivery time and cost compared to imported products have more advantages, and this mixed pattern is likely to continue for a long period of time. But not not that the productivity of domestic enterprises and product development means much lower than foreign counterparts enterprise.
Some people say the second half of 2008, China's machine tool industry has entered a turning point, this saying was onto something, especially in Beijing this autumn cool machine tool show the best scenes as this reasoning footnote. Some enterprises from the third quarter, reported the statistics, machine tool industry as a whole appears to be continuing the trend of decline, but the domestic backbone enterprises in the fourth quarter could not keep dry winter, some instinctive response is being gradually moves warm. Perhaps, in the process of exploration for survival, some companies Breakthrough way to perhaps a rolling functional components sought-after "upgrade path"?
Economic downturn, the impact on the machine tool industry may be just beginning. I remember a ball screw corporate bosses and colleagues at the Beijing West Railway Station said at parting: "If winter comes, can spring be far behind?" I never thought to ask each other: "a cold snap, when the plum blossoms open?" Perhaps , the answer deep in their hearts, perhaps, they really have had no answer.
Read more on Machine tool sales Gaokaidizou rolling functional components go from here…
For the GPS, the GPS electronic map software can be described as the soul, electronic maps can directly determine the owners more quickly, more easily reach their destination. On navigation electronic map industry, people know little about, navigation electronic map industry is capital intensive, technology-intensive and labor-intensive classic three-intensive industries, development of a navigation electronic map products need to invest several hundred million dollars, only annual data on real-time updates a need to spend about 100 million yuan, so the electronic map a direct impact on the performance of GPS to play, the same hardware, installation of different maps, navigation results are different.
NavInfo partners
We will find when buying GPS electronic map to install the brand is not the same, and some use Kay Rucker, some use four-dimensional map of new, and some use of Cn, and their different characteristics, especially the details and data, in many GPS maps NavInfo maximum amount of information can be said, and most all, from its partner will be able to see their strength, as shown above, Nokia Samsung, Patriot , New Section , Any time I travel And other major brands are its partners, and in-car navigation even more star-studded, covering almost all the well-known Car Brand line-called luxury. What say NavInfo
data is the most comprehensive? I swam GoU1300
any built-in map of the actual screen NavInfo
Data incomplete figures all speak with any of my travel GoU1300 NavInfo latest version V8.0, the latest surge in the number of cities V8.0 version of the map, the road is more accurate. V8.0 version of four-dimensional maps covering the city / county compared to the previous version of the updated 2, the total number to 2218; maps covering the county / district 2786; POI points increased by 500,000 to reach 6.8 million; total length of roads increased 50,000 km, reaching 2.13 million km. The version of the map covers an area of significant increase, except for the wide area coverage in Tibet, other provinces have achieved more coverage, there are some key cities in detail to achieve a global coverage. I swam GoU1300
any charm so far not
Any time I travel GoU1300 Navigation If I were to travel GoU1300
only comes with a map of four-dimensional map of new conflicts and other brands, there the same phenomenon, so any time I travel there is no simple installation of four-dimensional map, but increased on the basis of the map a lot more practical, more convenient features drivers such as 360 000 DSA driving warning data, four-dimensional map built 60,000 is not enough data, so any time I visit are re-installed a new GPS collar to provide good 30 10000 DSA data, making GoU1300 the DSA data reached 36 million, which can be said is the industry's most complete data, and any time I travel products DSA data update is completely free of charge, updated weekly.
Read more on Zero ticket guarantee! Any time I visit New V8.0 Map surge data…
Sinopec petrol again into "quality gate", but the "victims" by the Hong Kong owner change Henan owners.
Yesterday, the General Office of the Sinopec official said Sinopec headquarters is waiting for the local Business Bureau and the Henan Anyang Technical Supervision of the oil sample test report. The company Sinopec Anyang person also said the suspect has stopped the sale of these led to some of the vehicles due to failure of 93 # gasoline.
The parties to wait for the sample inspection reports
It was reported in mid-late 2010, 3, Anyang city, Henan province suddenly received a large number of 4S shop repair vehicles. These vehicles all have the same fault, "illness": at worst will appear refueling flow, and black smoke, pungent exhaust the situation, and at the exhaust pipe emitting red or black liquid, can not start, there would be the most serious Parts damages.
In this regard, the daily economic news to Sinopec aspects of the confirmation.
Person in charge of the Office of Sinopec, said: "This event has not yet risen to this level of Sinopec Beijing headquarters resolved to ask specific branch of Sinopec Henan Anyang, from their specific deal, Sinopec headquarters are waiting for test reports out. estimated to be out these days, that time will be announced. "
"I'm sorry, I'm just a staff responsible for fuel, vehicle breakdowns on the issue I do not know." Anyang, Henan branch of Sinopec's gas stations, said an employee on the phone.
Anyang Branch is responsible for oil product retail business person also said that on April 1, the local gas stations have all been replacing a number of new 93 # gasoline, the oil has stopped selling a batch. Early in April, Sinopec subsidiary in Anyang City, Henan Anyang TV also made a public statement that the owner will be the loss of oil costs and cleaning costs for claims.
Sinopec Henan Petroleum Branch is also a statement that the investigation team has been formed in the early organization of experts to survey the scene, based on mandated initiative to invite the local branch of Anyang Oil Industry and Commerce Bureau and Technical Supervision of the oil sample test will be invited riders representatives and interested users, media monitoring of the sampling process, the final survey results to be experts and authorities come up with views of the publication time. If the investigation confirms the existence of subordinate enterprises internal management problems, who will be the responsibility of accountability.
Caused by methanol instead of ethanol?
Who did not want the car industry experts signed the final sample tests did not come out until the final causes of the accident can not be determined. However, he worried that perhaps by adding methanol instead of ethanol in gasoline lead.
National Development and Reform Commission and Ministry of Finance had previously issued an emergency joint circular calling for suspension of approval around the corn processing ethanol. The biggest problem is that ethanol gasoline will be cultivated land and grain, and ethanol fermentation of high prices. The experts said that domestic ethanol production limits, not so much have to add ethanol, some gas stations in pursuit of profit, methanol instead of ethanol. The hundreds of tons of methanol each year from disappeared, especially in Shanxi, Henan.
Compared with ethanol, gasoline, methanol, gasoline cost an absolute advantage. Methanol production cost is about 1,000 yuan per ton, while the production cost of ethanol per ton of 4,500 yuan.
According to professionals, M15 methanol gasoline standards, which is adding about 15% of gasoline with methanol, and a certain amount of additives, and so is the M30 and M50 respectively, with 30% and 50% methanol. At present, only the general promotion of methanol fuel in Shanxi Province.
0 Introduction The end of 2004, the national total length of cable to reach 3.384 million line km, long-distance fiber cable length 646 000 km.
Where most of the fiber-optic cables using G.652 and G.655 fiber, only a very small amount of fiber-optic cables using G.653 fiber. G.652 and G.655 fiber applied to the widely used from the beginning of 20 years of development history, after several generations of product upgrading, and now the Internet cable lines is several generations living under one roof. Therefore, network applications optical communication system is bound to encounter different species, different brands, different era, different sub-class product portfolio in an online application problem.
1G.652 and the evolution of G.655 optical fiber technology
With the communication network on the growing demand for bandwidth surge in single-wavelength optical transmission equipment, data rate, low rate of application from the beginning, rapidly increased to the current 10Gbit / s, and even 40Gbit / s, while optical fiber put forward higher requirements. Therefore, the optical communication system constantly upgrading the technology and products to promote the rapid evolution of optical fiber technology, and development of this only from the standard G.652 and G.655 fiber can be continuously updated to show.
1.1G.652 fiber 1984 , ITU-T developed a G.652 single-mode fiber optic cable the first version, 1988,1992,1996,2000 and 2003 after 5 changes it made in 2005, the 6th amendment The latest version of the formation of the current (seventh edition). In the sixth version of the G.652 fiber derived will be divided into G.652A, G.652B, G.652C, G.652D, a total of 4 sub-categories.
G.652 fiber is the first single-mode fiber in the web application is the most widely used communication network, the largest number of an optical fiber. Since G.652 fiber development early, therefore, stable and reliable product quality, product standards are also very mature and no matter which one optical fiber manufacturers, their consistency are better. Bureau of Guangdong Telecom long distance lines of G.652 fiber from different vendors were docking test, the results show that the weld decay are relatively small. Guangdong Telecom Engineering Company on the Internet using the different companies, different times of the fiber dispersion was widely tested and the results show that the dispersion was stable, 1550nm wavelength dispersion is basically no more than 18ps / (nm? Km). This is for the transmission network planning, design and construction of a great convenience.
1.2G.655 fiber G.655 fiber in 1994 specifically for the new generation DWDM optical transmission systems to enlarge the design and manufacture of new optical fiber. In 1996, ITU-T developed a G.655 non-zero dispersion shifted single mode optical fiber and cable characteristics of the first version of the standard, in a few short years, after the 2000 and 2003, Amendment 2, the latest version of the formation of the current (third edition). The latest standards G.655 fiber into G.655A, G.655B, G.655C, a total of 3 sub categories.
G.655 fiber is driven by market demand in recent years, the development of new products, the relative standard G.652 fiber in terms of technology is not very mature, taking into account the interests of all manufacturers, it is the mode field diameter and dispersion of the standard set s loose. Different vendors can create their own processes and technologies that meet stringent standards of different products, therefore, product diversity (different effective cross sections and dispersion configuration), which brings to users a certain amount of trouble.
2 fiber composite applications should pay attention to the problem
2.1G.652 fiber composite applications should pay attention to the problem
G.652 fiber consistency of very good products, line maintenance products from different vendors can replace each other to use.
Read more on G.652 and G.655 fiber composite applications Attention…
Early life
Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born in Leeuwarden, Friesland in the Netherlands, the eldest of four children of Adam Zelle (2 October, 1840, Leeuwarden – 13 March, 1910, Amsterdam) and first wife (m. Franeker, 4 June, 1873) Antje van der Meulen (21 April, 1842, Franeker – 9 May, 1891, Leeuwarden). She had three brothers. Her father owned a hat store, made successful investments in the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give Margaretha a lavish early childhood. Thus, Margaretha attended only exclusive schools until age 13.
However, Margaretha’s father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced soon thereafter, and Margaretha’s mother died in 1891. Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 February, 1893 to Susanna Catharina ten Hoove (11 March, 1844, Amsterdam – 1 December, 1913, Amsterdam), with whom he had no children. The family had come apart and she moved to live with her godfather, Heer Visser, at Sneek. At Leiden, she studied to be a kindergarten teacher, but when the headmaster began to flirt with her conspicuously, she was removed from the institution by her offended godfather. After only a few months, she fled to her uncle’s home in The Hague.
Indonesia
Margaretha Zelle and Rudolph MacLeod in 1897
At 18, she answered an advertisement in a Dutch newspaper placed by a man looking for a wife. Margaretha married Dutch Colonial Army officer Rudolf John MacLeod (1 March, 1856, Heukelum – 9 January, 1928, Velp) in Amsterdam on 11 July, 1895. He was the son of John Brienen MacLeod and Dina Louisa Frijherrine Sweerts de Landas. They moved to Java in the Dutch East Indies and had two children, Norman-John (30 January, 1897, Amsterdam – 27 June, 1899) and Jeanne-Louise (2 May, 1898, Java – 10 August, 1919).
The marriage was an overall disappointment. MacLeod was a violent alcoholic who would take out his frustrations on his wife, who was half his age, and whom he blamed for his lack of promotion. He also openly kept both a native wife and a concubine. The disenchanted Margaretha abandoned him temporarily, moving in with Van Rheedes, another Dutch officer. For months, she studied the Indonesian traditions intensively, joining a local dance company. In 1897, she revealed her artistic name: Mata Hari, Indonesian for “eye of the day” or the sun, via correspondence to her relatives in Holland.
Her children Jeanne-Louise and Norman-John, with his father
At MacLeod’s urging, Margaretha returned to him although his aggressive demeanour hadn’t changed. She escaped her circumstances by studying the local culture. Their son Norman died in 1899 possibly of complications relating to the treatment of syphilis contracted from his parents, though the family claimed he was poisoned by an irate servant. Some sources maintain that one of Rudolf’s enemies may have poisoned a supper to kill both of their children. After moving back to the Netherlands, the couple separated in 1902 and divorced in 1906, with Rudolf forcibly retaining the custody of his daughter (who later died at the age of 21, also possibly from complications relating to syphilis). MacLeod later married twice more.
Paris
Mata Hari performing in 1905
In 1903, Margaretha moved to Paris, where she performed as a circus horse rider, using the name Lady MacLeod. Struggling to earn a living, she also posed as an artist’s model.
By 1905, she began to win fame as an exotic dancer. It was then that she adopted the stage name Mata Hari. She was a contemporary of dancers Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, leaders in the early modern dance movement, which around the turn of the 20th century looked to Asia and Egypt for artistic inspiration. Critics would later write about this and other such movements within the context of orientalism. Gabriel Astruc became her personal booking agent.
Promiscuous, flirtatious, and openly flaunting her body, she captivated her audiences and was an overnight success from the debut of her act at the Muse Guimet on 13 March, 1905. She became the long-time mistress of the millionaire Lyon industrialist Emile Etienne Guimet, who had founded the Muse. She posed as a Java princess of priestly Hindu birth, pretending to have been immersed in the art of sacred Indian dance since childhood. She was photographed numerous times during this period, nude or nearly so. Some of these pictures were obtained by MacLeod and strengthened his case in keeping custody of their daughter.
Mata Hari in 1906, wearing only a bra and jewelry
She brought this carefree provocative style to the stage in her act, which garnered wide acclaim. The most celebrated segment of her act was her progressive shedding of clothing until she wore just a jeweled bra and some ornaments upon her arms and head. She was seldom seen without a bra as she was self-conscious about being small-breasted.
Although the claims made by her about her origins were fictitious, the act was spectacularly successful because it elevated exotic dance to a more respectable status, and so broke new ground in a style of entertainment for which Paris was later to become world famous. Her style and her free-willed attitude made her a very popular woman, as did her eagerness to perform in exotic and revealing clothing. She posed for provocative photos and mingled in wealthy circles. At the time, as most Europeans were unfamiliar with the Dutch East Indies and thus thought of Mata Hari as exotic, it was assumed her claims were genuine.
Mata Hari in 1910, wearing head jewelry
By about 1910, myriad imitators had arisen. Critics began to opine that the success and dazzling features of the popular Mata Hari was due to cheap exhibitionism and lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important social events throughout Europe, she was held in disdain by serious cultural institutions as a dancer who did not know how to dance.
Mata Hari was also a successful courtesan, though she was known more for her sensuality and eroticism rather than for striking classical beauty. She had relationships with high-ranking military officers, politicians, and others in influential positions in many countries, including the German crown prince,[citation needed] who paid for her luxurious lifestyle.
Her relationships and liaisons with powerful men frequently took her across international borders. Prior to World War I, she was generally viewed as an artist and a free-spirited bohemian, but as war approached, she began to be seen by some as a wanton and promiscuous woman, and perhaps a dangerous seductress.
Double agent
During World War I, the Netherlands remained neutral. As a Dutch subject, Margaretha Zelle was thus able to cross national borders freely. To avoid the battlefields, she travelled between France and the Netherlands via Spain and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. She was a courtesan to many high-ranking allied military officers during this time.[citation needed] On one occasion, when interviewed by British intelligence officers, she admitted to working as an agent for French military intelligence, although the latter would not confirm her story. It is unclear if she lied on this occasion, believing the story made her sound more intriguing, or if French authorities were using her in such a way, but would not acknowledge her due to the embarrassment and international backlash it could cause.
In January 1917, the German military attach in Madrid transmitted radio messages to Berlin describing the helpful activities of a German spy, code-named H-21. French intelligence agents intercepted the messages and, from the information they contained, identified H-21 as Mata Hari. Unusually, the messages were in a code that German intelligence knew had already been broken by the French, leaving some historians to suspect that the messages were contrived.[citation needed]
Trial and execution
Execution of Mata Hari (1920 movie)
On 13 February, 1917, Mata Hari was arrested in her room at the Hotel Plaza Athne in Paris. She was put on trial, accused of spying for Germany and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 soldiers. She was found guilty and was executed by firing squad on 15 October, 1917, at the age of 41.
Pat Shipman’s biography Femme Fatale argues that Mata Hari was never a double agent, speculating that she was used as a scapegoat by the head of French counter-espionage. Georges Ladoux had been responsible for recruiting Mata Hari as a French spy and later was arrested for being a double agent himself. The facts of the case remain vague, because the official case documents regarding the execution were sealed for 100 years.
Disappearance and rumours
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Death Comes to Mata Hari
Mata Hari’s body was not claimed by any family members and was accordingly used for medical study. Her head was embalmed and kept in the Museum of Anatomy in Paris, but in 2000, archivists discovered that the head had disappeared, possibly as early as 1954, when the museum had been relocated. Records dated from 1918 show that the museum also received the rest of the body, but none of the remains could later be accounted for.
The fact that a former exotic dancer had been executed as a spy immediately provoked many unsubstantiated rumours. One is that she blew a kiss to her executioners, although it is possible that she blew a kiss to her lawyer, who was a witness to the execution and a former lover of hers. Her dying words were purported to be “Merci, monsieur”. Another rumour claims that, in an attempt to distract her executioners, she flung open her coat and exposed her naked body. “Harlot, yes, but traitor, never,” she is reported to have said. A 1934 New Yorker article, however, reported that at her execution she actually wore “a neat Amazonian tailored suit, specially made for the occasion, and a pair of new white gloves” though another account indicates she wore the same suit, low-cut blouse and tricorn hat ensemble which had been picked out by her accusers for her to wear at trial, and which was still the only full, clean outfit which she had along in prison. Neither description matches photographic evidence.
Museum
Scrapbook of Mata Hari in the Frisian Museum in Leeuwarden, Netherlands
The Frisian Museum at Leeuwarden, the Netherlands, exhibits a ‘Mata Hari Room’. Located in Mata Hari’s native town, the museum is well-known for research into the life and career of Leeuwarden’s world-famous citizen.
In 1985, biographer Russell Warren Howe managed to convince the French Minister of National Defense to break open the file, about 32 years early. It was revealed that Mata Hari was innocent of her charges of espionage.
Legend and popular culture
Statue of Mata Hari in Leeuwarden, Netherlands
The fact that almost immediately after her death questions rose about the justification of her execution, on top of rumours about the way she acted during her execution, set the story. The idea of an exotic dancer working as a lethal double agent, using her powers of seduction to extract military secrets from her many lovers fired the popular imagination, set the legend and made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of the femme fatale.
Much of the popularity is owed to the film titled Mata Hari (1931) and starring Greta Garbo in the leading role. While based on real events in the life of Margaretha Zelle, the plot was largely fictional, appealing to the public appetite for fantasy at the expense of historical fact. Immensely successful as a form of entertainment, the exciting and romantic character in this film inspired subsequent generations of storytellers. Eventually, Mata Hari featured in more films, television series, and in video games — but increasingly, it is only the use of Margaretha Zelle’s famous stage name that bears any resemblance to the real person. Many books have been written about Mata Hari, some of them serious historical and biographical accounts, but many of them highly speculative.
Bibliography
Marijke Huisman, Mata Hari (1876-1917): de levende legende, a good Dutch historical review. Editing House Verloren at Hilversum, the Netherlands, ISBN 90-6550-442-7.
Shipman, Pat Femme Fatale: A Biography of Mata Hari Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007, ISBN 0-297850-74-1 ISBN 978-0297850748 (USA edition: Femme Fatale: Love, Lies, and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari William Morrow, 2007, ISBN 0-060817-28-3 ISBN 9780060817282)
References
^ “Mata Hari”. Encyclopdia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/women/article-9051346. Retrieved 2007-08-21. “The daughter of a prosperous hatter, she attended a teachers’ college in Leiden. In 1895 she married an officer of Scottish origin, Captain Campbell MacLeod, in the Dutch colonial army, and from 1897 to 1902 they lived in Java and Sumatra. The couple returned to Europe but later separated, and she began to dance professionally in Paris in 1905 under the name of Lady MacLeod. She soon called herself Mata Hari, said to be a Malay expression for the sun (literally, ye of the day). Tall, extremely attractive, superficially acquainted with East Indian dances, and willing to appear virtually nude in public, she was an instant success in Paris and other large cities.”
^ www.praamsma.org – Mata Hari
^ a b c Article of the About.com Internet site.
^ a b c d e f g h i Out of World of Biography Internet site.
^ a b Mata Hari
^ The Spy Who Never Was, by Julia Keay, published by Michael Joseph Ltd, 1987
^ a b Shipman, Pat (2007). Femme Fatale: Love, Lies, and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 450. ISBN 0-06-081728-3.
^ www.crimelibrary.com – Mata Hari is Born
^ Flanner, Janet (1979). Paris was Yesterday: 1925-1939. New York: Penguin. pp. 126. ISBN 0-14-005068-X.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mata Hari
Biography at Court TV’s Crime Library
Best available and multi-language (nl, fr, de, en) website on Mata Hari
Details of the disappearance of the corpse
“The Execution of Mata Hari, 1917,” EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2005)
Mata-Hari.com: Pictures and Photos of Mata Hari (English + deutsch + espaol + portugus + franais + italiano)
Categories: British spies | Women in World War I | Dutch people of World War I | Dutch dancers | World War I spies for Germany | World War I spies for France | Double agents | Frisian people | Female wartime spies | Executed spies | People executed by firing squad | 1876 births | 1917 deaths | People from Leeuwarden | Dutch courtesans and prostitutes | Dutch people executed abroad | People executed by the French Third Republic | Executed Dutch women | World War I espionage | Malay words and phrasesHidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from July 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2009 | Articles with hCards | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009
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