If you are pondering over this question, “how to get back with my ex girlfriend” please understand that this is a very delicate situation. Feelings may be badly hurt on both ends and anything that you may do now or not do may cause even more hurt.
Read more on How to Get Back With My Ex Girlfriend – 5 Steps That Will Not Fail You…
Production of Pieces
The pieces were shaped and designed with the intent of reflecting artistically the best traditions of Puerto Rican culture and history. Lasky encouraged the artisans he stewarded to express themselves as they saw fit. Theirs was a collaborative effort.
In a 2004 account Lasky wrote:
The first thing I did was to take away all the Pre-Columbian patterns they had been working with and in my halting Spanish told them they were now free to design anything they wanted at anytime. They were obviously shaken; for them “designers” were either god-like people or Americans and they immediately began to copy the cheap seconds that at that time flooded Puerto Rico. I let them get that out of their systems and some three months later they began designing things they thought would please me.
ittle by little I began encouraging them to use “found tools:” a broken hair comb – I picked up from the floor in front of them, used and discarded pencils – showing them the faceted sides and rounded eraser end as options. One of the best tools turned out to be old fashioned hair pins women wore in the forties.
hat emerged was an expression which can properly be described as a considerable leap beyond sgraffito. When using colored engobes (thin coatings of different colored clays over the redware clay body we were using) instead of thinly scratching through to reveal the contrasting red clay beneath they made strong, broad, energetic sculptural carvings if you will. Matte glazes were used almost invariably to more thoroughly reveal the sculptural “carving” technique. Each person signed their own design work and had the satisfaction of seeing their initials permanently fired into their pieces. They were free at any time to stop any work they were doing and create their own designs.
uring this period of time I made it my business to keep away from the work table area where they did the designing. I didn’t want even my presence near them to interfere with their own self expression. I would wait until they had left for the day to go into the damp room where the daily work was placed for slow initial drying to see what creatively had emerged. Imagine, if you will, the profound thrill I would experience as with each ongoing week the design “personalities” of each would become more strongly expressed so that it was no longer necessary to look for each signature to determine whose work it was.
Significance
The pottery’s significance was twofold. Artistically and culturally it was a melding of 20th Century design on what was then a traditional culture. It was also the first time that Puertorriqueo artisans were able to express themselves freely in clay since the time of the Tainos. Economically and politically it was part of the opening gambit in the rapid economic development of the Island by the US after World War II. The pottery supplied pieces and works for then burgeoning tourist trade.
References
Photo showing group selection of pottery is compliments of TheDeepArchives.com. Material based on Hal Lasky interview October 2004, written transcription by Hal Lasky October 2004, and articles on Puerto Rican Pottery/Hal Lasky on Vasefinder.com.
External links
Photo
Photos
Collector Group
Categories: Companies of Puerto Rico
Read more on Puerto Rican Pottery…
The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.
Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…
The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.
Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…
There are times when your relationship suddenly falls apart and either one or both of you may doubt whether it is all over especially if the relationship is new. Some men simply cannot reconcile to the fact that their girlfriend dumped them and so they hope to get back with their girlfriend again. If you are asking, “How can I get back together with my ex girlfriend”, it is important to plan your moves ahead.
Read more on How Can I Get Back Together With My Ex Girlfriend – Nothing Is Impossible…
Relationships are delicate and need to be nurtured with loving dedication to make them grow strong. Sadly, everything is not as rosy as we would like it to be. When relationships are broken, they drain us of all our emotions, feelings, ability to think clearly and in acute cases, even our physical well being.
Read more on Get Back at Your Ex – 5 Ideas…
Have you just gone through a break up? Are you thinking how to get an ex back? Many people experience some sort of a break up but most of them just concentrate on moving on rather than searching for a way to get an ex back. If you are not a part of that league and you want to work towards how to get an ex back, then here are some tips for you. Does a break up mean that there are no chances of getting back together with your ex?
Read more on How To Get An Ex Back – Know What You Are Doing…
As we get older, joint pain becomes more of an issue. This can mainly be due to the thinning of the cartilage and as a result arthitis begins to take a hold. Sure enough, we crave natural joint pain relief and strive to find that perfect solution that will allow us to carry on with our lives pain free. Below are some strategies to bring you that desired pain relief.
The car into all kinds of xenon lamp lights, Mosel Vitelic Inc. challenges brought HID xenon lamp LED lamp.
HID xenon lamp This is a Mercedes-Benz, BMW and other luxury cars using the new headlamps. The companies to participate in Taiwan Fair Mosel Metal & Plastic Co., Ltd. of Dongguan City, But it was adapted into a lamp can be used at the office. Chong Yip, general manager of the enterprise, said that more energy efficient lighting than the LED light.
Product 1: HID xenon lamp panel Light steel frame
Features: This lamp is most proud of Chong Yip products. He said most of the current Office of the lamps used in fluorescent tubes or T5 to T8 fluorescent tubes, this soft bright light. However, Mosel Vitelic use HID (xenon lamp abbreviation) Xenon lamp technology converted this lamp panels, regardless of the brightness of light, or light distribution, are better than fluorescent.
Has a relatively low power consumption fluorescent lamps has. However, Zhuang Yip said, "Our this lamp panel, compared with T8 fluorescent tubes, energy saving 83%, 77% higher than T5 power than even the best energy-saving LED lights also saving 15%."
Product 2: HID xenon lamp
Features: Speaking of lamps, the current speculation is that most fire LED lights. Mosel Vitelic Inc. HID xenon lights, LED lights what can compete?
Chong Yip, said, this street have been developed, the company's technical department specifically in Taiwan bought a best of LED lamps, for a comprehensive comparative analysis. After the conclusion, HID xenon lamp than 18% energy saving LED lights, in addition, high pressure sodium than the commonly used 64% power.
Chong Yip admitted that the current HID xenon lights on in life may be little worse than the LED lights, but the lighting production costs are much lower, according to the company's initial plan, will try a number of county-level cities in China looking for demonstration.
Product 1: HID xenon lamp panel Light steel frame
Features: This lamp is most proud of Chong Yip products. He said most of the current Office of the lamps used in fluorescent tubes or T5 to T8 fluorescent tubes, this soft bright light. However, Mosel Vitelic use HID (xenon lamp abbreviation) Xenon lamp technology converted this lamp panel, regardless of the brightness of light, or light distribution, are better than fluorescent.
Has a relatively low power consumption fluorescent lamps has. However, Zhuang Yip said, "Our this lamp panel, compared with T8 fluorescent tubes, energy saving 83%, 77% higher than T5 power than even the best energy-saving LED lights also saving 15%."
Product 2: HID Xenon lights
Features: Speaking of lamps, the current speculation is that most fire LED lights. Mosel Vitelic Inc. HID xenon lights, LED lights what can compete?
Chong Yip explained that this street have been developed, the company's technology department specifically in Taiwan bought a best of LED lamps, for a comprehensive comparative analysis. After the conclusion, HID xenon lamp than 18% energy saving LED lights, in addition, high pressure sodium than the commonly used 64% power.
Chong Yip admitted that the current HID xenon lights on in life may be little worse than the LED lights, but lighting production costs are much lower, according to the company's initial plan, will try a number of county-level cities in China looking for demonstration.
Read more on Dongguan Mosel Vitelic hardware portability challenges HID Xenon Lamp LED Lamp…
Slug test method
The slug of water can either be added to or removed from the well the only requirement is that it be done as quickly as possible (the interpretation typically assumes instantaneously), then the water level or pressure is monitored. Depending on the properties of the aquifer and the size of the slug, the water level may return to pre-test levels very quickly (thus complicating accurate collection of water level data).
A slug can be added by either quickly adding a measured amount of water to the well or something which displaces a measured volume (e.g., a long heavy pipe with the ends capped off). An alternative object is a solid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) rod, with sufficient weight to sink into the groundwater. The objective here is to displace water, not merely be “heavy”. A slug of water can be removed using a bailer or pump, but this is more difficult to do since it must be done very quickly and the equipment for removing the water (pump or bailer) will likely be in the way of getting water level measurements.
Performing a slug test
A slug test is in contrast to standard aquifer tests, which typically involve pumping a well at a constant flowrate, and monitoring the response of the aquifer in nearby monitoring wells. Often slug tests are performed instead of a constant rate test, because:
time constraints (quick results, or results for a large number of wells, are needed),
the well does not or cannot have a pump installed on it (slug tests do not require pumping),
the transmissivity of the material the well is cased in is too low to realistically perform a proper pumping test (common for aquitards or some bedrock monitoring wells), or
the general size (order of magnitude) of the aquifer parameters is all the accuracy that is required.
The size of the slug required is determined by the aquifer properties, the size of the well and the amount of time which is available for the test. For very permeable aquifers, the pulse will dissipate very quickly. If the well has a large diameter, a large volume of water must be added to increase the level in the well a measurable amount.
Slug test interpretation
Because the flow rate into or out of the well is not constant, as is the case in a typical aquifer test, the standard Theis solution does not work.
Mathematically, the Theis equation is the solution of the groundwater flow equation for a step increase in discharge rate at the pumping well; a slug test is instead an instantaneous pulse at the pumping well. This means that a superposition (or more precisely a convolution) of an infinite number of sequential slug tests through time would effectively be a “standard” Theis aquifer test.
There are several known solutions to the slug test problem; a common engineering approximation is the Hvorslev method, which approximates the more rigorous solution to transient aquifer flow with a simple decaying exponential function.
The aquifer parameters obtained from a slug test are typically less representative of the aquifer surrounding the well than an aquifer test which involves pumping in one well and monitoring in another. Complications arise from near-well effects (i.e., well skin and wellbore storage), which may make it difficult to get accurate results from slug test interpretation.
See also
Aquifer test
Well test
v d e
Physical aquifer properties used in hydrogeology
hydraulic head hydraulic conductivity storativity porosity water content
Categories: Hydrology | Hydraulic engineeringHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources
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April 21, Jiangsu
Five Star
Announced the acquisition of
Qingdao
Electric Co., Ltd., Yatai's five stores in Qingdao, all classified under the five-star flag. Five Star executive vice president, according to Wang Jian said that this acquisition and the Yatai from exposure to an agreement, in less than a week. The acquisition of this lightning, so suspicious of the industry have, what is the reason for a national ranking
Home appliance chain
Article 13 of the Qingdao Yatai let go so easily? With Wang Jian as saying: "Although we only contact with the Yatai 4 days on the formal signing of the agreement, but in reality, Beijing Dazhong has for us and Yatai about a year."
As Qingdao Yatai is the first component "in John Winton" member of the alliance, so the acquisition star, in fact, also announced "in John Winton" coalition collapse.
The circumstances surrounding the acquisition
"In John Winton" was established in July 2002, by Beijing Dazhong Electrical Appliance Co., Ltd., Shanghai Yongle Home Appliances Co., Ltd., Henan Tongli, Qingdao Yatai, etc.
Appliance Retail
Business component. The Yatai is "in John Winton" in "Thailand."
"Is not a major decision-making mistakes, Yatai has already started development in 2005." Qingdao Yatai Electric Appliance Co., Ltd., chairman of Liuzhou Ping looked very helpless it hurts, he said, "Yatai has development for 10 years, finally had to choose this path. But I trust in the leadership team at this Five Star, I hope they Yatai better to stay in business. "
Yatai is no coincidence that the painful lessons, and Liuzhou Ping refers to a major decision-making errors is formed by a number of reasons. Yatai formerly state-owned enterprises, saddled with debt, while state-owned holding company Yatai bankruptcy, so Yatai back all the debt. In 2003, Yatai first began facing tight liquidity, with the introduction of the idea of mergers and acquisitions. As "the Wing Winton," a member of the Yatai Union members want a takeover, and later, Yatai and Beijing Dazhong Electronics will be a year of negotiations, but nothing ever came.
2004, the Qingdao Yatai's Taichung branch opening, as Liuzhou Ping referred to as a major decision-making errors, to the beginning of this year, Yatai has been lost on the hundreds of million. After Yatai in the absence of any notification
Dealers
And consumer cases, rush off store, so that the shortage of funds had Yatai even worse, and the relationship with the manufacturers extreme tension.
April 11 this year, the banks to court, the court held in bank accounts blocked Yatai, Yatai capital chain disruption. "On April 11 Yatai, when the most danger, Five Star come to the rescue in time." Liuzhou Ping's words are true for us to explain why the chosen Yatai star.
"In John Winton" mother close alliance
"John Winton in itself is a loose alliance of several enterprises are essentially each sang, they can not form a solid entity, it is also the end of the root causes of catalytic them." Wang Tao out a five-star has been able to easily intervene to cause the disintegration of alliances announced.
Fact, "in John Winton" Since the early days into the cycle of mutual takeover. In "in John Winton" set up a year later, in December 2003, Shanghai Yongle formally entered the huge investment, mergers and the "in John Winton," a member of the Guangzhou East Ze Electric, established the Shanghai Yongle Home Appliances, holding More than 90% of the proportion of Yongle Co., Ltd. of Guangdong.
The same time, Shanghai Yongle it with "in John Winton," another member of Henan Tongli appliances joint venture company, Henan Tongli Paradise superstore Limited. July 2004, Shanghai Yongle and "John Winton in the" core member of the House of Chengdu Department Store Group, household appliances under the 50% of their investment, set up hundreds? Paradise Life Electric Company, introduced the "hundreds? Paradise" brand. In late 2004, when Beijing announced it will enter Paradise, the industry has a voice that, "in John Winton" Union has disintegrated.
Industry analysis, Five Star to acquire the means settled in Qingdao, home appliances market, but also shows or share through the acquisition of control of funds to carry out channel development should be a home appliance chain enterprises in the future direction. At present
Suning
,
States United States
And other giant chains have developed a new expansion mode, opening the door from the previous shop the way from the acquisition of mature store will be the direct extension of the method, the country's recent acquisition of U.S. black swan is a good evidence.
Links
Five Star Profile: Five Star from state-owned enterprises to private enterprises, from wholesale to retail, from retail to a chain of Five Star born out of the province of delivery of the five companies, after six changes.
Five Star's "killer" is "encircling the cities, the last major cities to win" strategy, China-focused secondary and tertiary markets. Star chosen as the main battleground of East China, the largest population of Sichuan, Henan, distribution points, but also directly to abandon the current most competitive of the three places in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong. To April 2005, has successfully landed five-star, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Yunnan and Shanxi provinces, opened a total of more than 80 specialized chain stores, all over the country more than 50 large and medium cities .
2005 onwards, Five Star began to pull in the national pattern. The Shandong Province is the absolute focus of the five-star this year, plans to in the Shandong region has about 20 stores, formed a regional leader in Jiaodong. Five-Star won the Qingdao is more important is its eyes to the Shandong Peninsula, Qingdao as the center of the secondary and tertiary markets.
Read more on Jiangsu Five Star win over Yatai chain acquisition times will come…
Mascot and promotions
Their mascot is an anthropomorphic bee, designed for the first commercials by Dean Yeagle at Zander’s Animation Parlour in NYC. The bee buzzed around without a name until 2000, when Kristine Tong, a fifth-grade student from Coolidge, Texas, won a national contest to name the bee, dubbing him “BuzzBee”. The name was later shortened to just Buzz. Buzz was originally voiced by Arnold Stang until around 1992. He is currently voiced by Billy West (of Futurama fame). Buzz also appeared as the host in the Honey Nut Cheerios Spelling Bee game, which was named after the breakfast cereal.
Historically, Honey Nut Cheerios has participated in much the same promotional advertising as the original brand, while collaborating with the field of NASCAR and especially driver Bill Lester, in promoting healthy diets. In 1985, Baskin-Robbins introduced a flavor based on the cereal called Honey Nut Crunch. Promotional tie ins included gift certificates in cereal boxes and special Honey Nut Crunch sundaes in stores.
Advertising
Commercials for the product have been a mainstay of Saturday morning cartoon programming for many years. They generally depict the mascot tempting a hapless child or adult with a sparkling bowl of Honey Nut Cheerios, and their attempts to compete for it.
The styles of commercials have changed over the years. In the early 80’s, commercials mostly featured adults talking about the cereal and how good and healthy it is. During a majority of the 80’s and 90’s, commercials would mostly be about Buzz trying to tempt someone with a bowl of Honey Nut Cheerios. They’d normally refuse, but Buzz would not give up; he’d eventually tell them that the cereal contains real golden honey and crunchy nuts, and the consumer would respond, “Did you say honey and nuts?”, and have the cereal. Commercials in the late 90’s voiced by Andrew “Andy” Morris, would be about Buzz coming into a classic fairy tale and do the same thing he’s always done in the past. Commercials in the 2000s are mostly animated adventures about Buzz and his friends outsmarting villains trying to steal all the honey in the hive.
One Honey Nut Cheerios commercial that has gone on to become one of the longest-running commercials in history features Buzz paying a visit to the infamous Ebenezer Scrooge. This commercial was eventually revised to reflect the newer Buzz voice by Andy Morris in the mid Nineties, when the cereal’s tagline was changed to “Nobody can say No to Honey Nut Cheerios”. This commercial generally re-airs during each winter holiday season. The new voice for Buzz since 2004 is Charlie Schlatter. The new Buzz phrase is “Bee Happy, Bee Healthy.”
Taglines
Many of this cereal’s taglines overlapped with each other. They were used on different advertisements.
It’s a honey of an O. (1979 – 1990)
It’s Honey Nut Cheerios! (1979 – 1992; 2000 – 2004)
It’s Irrezzzzistable! (1992 – 1993)
Race for the taste! (1993 – 1995)
Little O, Big Taste! (1995 – 1999)
Nobody can say “No” to Honey Nut Cheerios. (1995 – 2004)
Bee happy, bee healthy! (2001 – Current)
Health appeal
Honey Nut Cheerios maintains much of the same health appeal of the original Cheerios, due to its soluble fiber. Package nutritional information explains that “three grams of soluble fiber daily from whole grain oat foods, like Honey Nut Cheerios, in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. Honey Nut Cheerios has 0.75g per serving.” This has been linked to the ability to lower cholesterol. As with Cheerios, the American Heart Association certified the cereal as “heart-healthy” for meeting the food criteria for saturated fat and cholesterol content.
References
^ a b “All in the family”. General Mills History. General Mills. p. 23. http://www.generalmills.com/corporate/company/GeneralMills_History_Beginnings.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
^ “Honey Nut Cheerios and cholesterol”. http://www.cheerios.com/ourCereals/HoneyNutCheerios/HNCAndCholesterol.aspx.
External links
Cheerios official site
25th Anniversary of Honey Nut Cheerios press release
v d e
General Mills
Betty Crocker Bisquick Boo Berry Bugles Cascadian Farm Cheerios Chex Chex Mix Cinnamon Toast Crunch Cocoa Puffs Colombo Cookie Crisp Count Chocula Franken Berry Fruit by the Foot Fruit Gushers Fruit Roll-Ups Gardetto’s Golden Grahams Green Giant Hagen-Dazs Hamburger Helper Honey Nut Cheerios Honey Nut Clusters Gold Medal Flour Jus-Rol Kaboom Kix Lucky Charms Muir Glen Nature Valley Oatmeal Crisp Old El Paso Pillsbury Progresso Reese’s Puffs Total Totino’s Trix Wanchai Ferry Wheaties Yoplait
Categories: General Mills cereals | Cereal advertising characters | 1979 introductionsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from May 2009 | All articles needing additional references | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 | All articles with unsourced statements
Read more on Honey Nut Cheerios…
Beijing Time on June 21 "Fortune" article points out that Microsoft's problems is not to find someone to take over Bill Gates, Bill Gates retired already a virtual certainty. Microsoft is faced with the problem: development, Google, and nasty Apple Ad.
Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates from July 1 officially out of the daily management of the company, which means end of an era. Gates will enter this new stage of life, to do a full-time philanthropist and to pursue their own interests.
Microsoft without Bill Gates will also usher in a new era of Gates's departure will inevitably bring to the future development of Microsoft's many large problems. Software Giants can find a new development path? Ballmer and his team led the company's products can adapt to the changing Network The world? In short, no Bill Gates-led Microsoft can not continue to go on it?
There are many signs that after Gates left Microsoft may be some serious problems. Ballmer made this spring to lead Microsoft's proposal to buy Yahoo, now seems the plan has been a complete failure, and will push Yahoo to the embrace of rival Google. Launched early last year, the latest version of Windows systems that Vista Also failed to obtain consumer and business users market acceptance. Meanwhile, the software industry and other manufacturers began to use advertising to support either their own products, or products as Web services begin to rent. In these two aspects, Microsoft have not yet started.
Another rival Apple. From the iPod, iMac to the iPhone, each product have gained market applause. Although Apple's share of the U.S. computer market is relatively small, but the growth rate was fast, according to I DC Company said its first-quarter market share in the United States has grown from 5.1% growth last year to 7.4%. Gengrang Microsoft tension is overwhelming in its television advertising, will operate on Gates 33 years of Microsoft's main product is Windows-based PCs described as a failure. For many consumers, Microsoft is like being DailyShow the writer John Hodgman between hands like a clown.
Despite the many problems and issues, but Microsoft is still more powerful than before. Look at its latest earnings report it. According to Microsoft's long-term follow Wall Street analysts on average expected to show that in the just-concluded fiscal 2008, the company's revenue will grow 18%, net profit would have increased 27%.
From a financial point of view, Microsoft is still occupied initiative. Microsoft executives from the interview situation, to do those ads Apple has let Microsoft become less arrogant. Microsoft will launch later this year a number of Windows systems rebranding campaigns. That would be Steve Ballmer on Apple's "GetaMac" advertising response. While Yahoo has rejected Ballmer raised 47.5 billion U.S. dollars takeover offer, but Ballmer said he would make every effort to establish a worthy competition with Google's business. While Gates has always been feisty will leave the company, but Ballmer stressed that Microsoft is not the same as Bill Gates are aggressive.
In fact, the post-Gates era has already begun. Gates spent a decade painstakingly time to train successors. He has gradually to Microsoft's leadership transition to his college friend Steve Ballmer. In the four years before Gates had privately Ballmer said he wanted to leave, he publicly announced two years ago to retire in July this year the plan. He has been in recent years, said: "I have is Microsoft's second figure. I no longer a Microsoft decision-makers."
Course, he eventually must find someone to take over, as the chief planner of products and technology strategy officer. He and Ballmer decided to let two people to share the two positions. Gates acquired Groove Networks in 2005, he immediately suggested that the 52-year-old father of LotusNotes Ozzie to replace him as Microsoft's chief software architect duties. His other technical positions to the senior executives CraigMundie, 59, Mundie oversees an annual budget of up to 80 Microsoft's billion R & D services and long-term technology strategy.
But one thing is clear: either willing to take over Ballmer, Gates would not be so quick to let go of. Gates's wife Melinda said: "Bill has repeatedly told me that if Steve did not stay in the company, he was unable to put down Microsoft. If Steve did a poor job, Bill will not be assured retirement. he will never. "
Since 8 years ago, as Microsoft CEO since Ballmer's management style gradually mature. MichMathews marketing director, said: "He has let everyone satisfied, so in all respects. But now he has undergone great changes. He is currently the general manager." When he realized that his old friend Bill Gates will no longer make plans stood beside him, he had consciously made a fade out day to day management of affairs was looking at the overall situation on a longer-term decision.
Although he never was a real software programmers, everyone knows Steve Ballmer Bill Gates just as good with math. He was born on the number of sensitive. Microsoft Server And tools division head BobMuglia said: "Steve's brain is very flexible, like a computer as well." He hoped that his subordinates are also very good at math. His various business development plan prepared by the book, 17 pages, 11 pages are a variety of data. The data written in a very small, other executives or even use a magnifying glass to see. But he came not to mark the data above the rate of change, people should know what he thinks. This proposal will also save space.
Ballmer promoted in the past few years around more deputies. 47-year-old senior veteran KevinJohnson previously managed global sales operations, now concurrently in charge of Windows and online services business. As the previous annual income of 19 billion U.S. dollars for the commercial branch of the Gates Foundation, Raikes will become CEO, Steve Ballmer, 44, StephenElop recently recruited into the extravagant under, Elop was at Macromedia before Adobe acquired the company's CEO, Later, the company's second in command as the JuniperNetworks. Served as sub-server
Read more on Fortune: Microsoft after Gates will go where the times…
Mission and strategy
As specified in section one of the Communications Act as amended by the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (amendment to 47 U.S.C. 151) it is the FCC’s mission to “make available so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, rapid, efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communication services with adequate facilities at reasonable charges.”[sic] The Act furthermore provides that the FCC was created “for the purpose of the national defense” and “for the purpose of promoting safety of life and property through the use of wire and radio communications.”
Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), the FCC has identified six goals in its 2006-2011 Strategic Plan. These are:
Broadband: “All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Regulatory policies must promote technological neutrality, competition, investment, and innovation to ensure that broadband service providers have sufficient incentives to develop and offer such products and services.”
Competition: “Competition in the provision of communication services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nation’s economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, meaningful choice in affordable services.”
Spectrum: “Efficient and effective use of non-federal spectrum domestically and internationally promotes the growth and rapid development of innovative and efficient communication technologies and services.”
Media: “The Nation’s media regulations must promote competition and diversity [disambiguation needed] and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery.”
Public Safety and Homeland Security: “Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defence, and emergency personnel, as well as all consumers in need. The Nation’s critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable.”
Modernize the FCC: “The Commission shall strive to be highly productive, adaptive, and innovative organization that maximises the benefits to stakeholders [disambiguation needed], staff, and management from effective systems, processes, resources, and organizational culture.”
History
FCC logo used today in addition to the official seal.
Communications Act of 1934
In 1934 Congress passed the Communications Act, which abolished the Federal Radio Commission and transferred jurisdiction over radio licensing to a new Federal Communications Commission, including in it also the telecommunications jurisdiction previously handled by the Interstate Commerce Commission. Title II of the Communications Act focused on telecommunications using many concepts borrowed from railroad legislation and Title III contained provisions very similar to the Radio Act of 1927.
Report on Chain Broadcasting
In 1940 the Federal Communications Commission issued the “Report on Chain Broadcasting.” The major point in the report was the breakup of NBC (National Broadcasting Company), which ultimately led to the creation of ABC (American Broadcasting Company), but there were two other important points. One was network option time, the culprit here being CBS. The report limited the amount of time during the day, and what times the networks may broadcast. Previously a network could demand any time it wanted from an affiliate. The second concerned artist bureaus. The networks served as both agents and employees of artists, which was a conflict of interest the report rectified.
The “Freeze” of 1948
In assigning television stations to various cities after World War II, the FCC found that it placed many stations too close to each other, resulting in interference. At the same time, it became clear that the designated VHF channels, 2 through 13, were inadequate for nationwide television service. As a result, the FCC stopped giving out construction permits for new licenses in October 1948. Most expected this “Freeze” to last six months, but as the allocation of channels to the emerging UHF technology and the eagerly-awaited possibilities of color television were debated, the FCC’s re-allocation map of stations did not come until April 1952, with July 1, 1952 as the official beginning of licensing new stations.
The FCC’s “Sixth Report & Order” ended the Freeze. It would take five years for the U.S. to grow from 108 stations to more than 550. New stations came on line slowly, only five by the end of November 1952. The Sixth Report and Order required some existing TV stations to change channels, but only a few existing VHF stations were required to move to UHF, and a handful of VHF channels were deleted altogether in smaller media markets like East Peoria, Fresno, and Bakersfield to create markets which were UHF “islands.” The report also set aside a number of channels for the newly emerging field of educational television, which hindered struggling ABC and DuMont’s quest for affiliates in the more desirable markets where VHF channels were reserved for non-commercial use.
The Sixth Report and Order also provided for the “intermixture” of VHF and UHF channels in most markets; UHF transmitters in the 1950s were not yet powerful enough, nor receivers sensitive enough (if they included UHF tuners at all – they were not formally required until the 1960s All-Channel Receiver Act), to make UHF viable against entrenched VHF stations. In markets where there were no VHF stations and UHF was the only TV service available, UHF survived. In other markets, which were too small to financially support a television station, too close to VHF outlets in nearby cities, or where UHF was forced to compete with more than one well-established VHF station, UHF had little chance for success.
Denver had been the largest U.S. city without a TV station by 1952. Senator Edwin Johnson (D-Colorado), chair of the Senate’s Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, had made getting Denver the first post-Freeze station his personal mission. He had pressured the FCC, and proved ultimately successful as the first new station (a VHF station) came on-line a remarkable ten days after the Commission formally announced the first post-Freeze construction permits. KFEL (now KWGN-TV)’s first regular telecast was on July 21, 1952.
Telephone Monopoly to Competition
The important relationship of the FCC and the American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) Company has evolved over several years. For many years, the FCC and state officials agreed to regulate the telephone systems as a natural monopoly. The FCC controlled telephone rates to limit the profits of AT&T and ensure nondiscriminatory pricing. In the 1960s, the FCC began allowing other long-distance companies, namely MCI, to offer specialized services. In the 1970s, the FCC allowed other companies to expand offerings to the public. A lawsuit in 1982 led by the Justice Department after AT&T underpriced other companies, resulted in the split of the Bells from AT&T. Beginning in 1984, the FCC implemented a new goal that all long-distance companies had equal access to the local phone companies’ customers.
Telecommunications Act of 1996
In 1996 Congress enacted the Telecommunications Act of 1996, in the wake of the break-up of AT&T resulting from the U.S. Justice Department’s antitrust suit against AT&T. In part, the 1996 legislation attempted to create more competition in local telephone service by requiring Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers to provide access to their facilities for Competitive Local Exchange Carriers.
This policy has thus far had limited success and much criticism. See. e.g. Robert Crandall The development of the Internet, cable services and wireless services has raised questions whether new legislative initiates are needed as to competition in what has come to be called ‘broadband’ services. Congress has monitored developments but as of 2009 has not undertaken a major revision of applicable regulation. The Local Community Radio Act in the 111th Congress has gotten out of committee and will go before the house floor with bi-partisan support, and unanimous support of the FCC.
Consolidation permissivity, indecency crackdowns
The inauguration of Ronald Reagan as President of the United States in 1981 accelerated an already ongoing shift in the FCC towards a decidedly more market-oriented stance. A number of regulations felt to be outdated were removed, most controversially the Fairness Doctrine in 1987. The FCC also took steps to increase competition to broadcasters, fostering broadcast alternatives such as cable television. It’s worth also noting that in terms of indecency fines, there was not action taken by the FCC from Pacifica V. USA until 1987, about ten years later.
In the early 2000s, the FCC began stepping up censorship and enforcement of indecency regulations again, most notably following the Janet Jackson “wardrobe malfunction” that occurred during the halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII. However, the FCC’s regulatory domain with respect to indecency remains restricted to the public airwaves, notably VHF and UHF television and AM/FM radio.
On June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush signed into law the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 sponsored by Senator Sam Brownback, a former broadcaster himself, and endorsed by Congressman Fred Upton of Michigan who authored a similar bill in the United States House of Representatives. The new law stiffens the penalties for each violation of the Act. The Federal Communications Commission will be able to impose fines in the amount of $325,000 for each violation by each station that violates decency standards. The legislation raised the fine tenfold over the previous maximum of $32,500 per violation.
Organization
The FCC is organized into seven Bureaus and eleven Staff Offices.
Bureaus
‘The Bureaus’ include processing applications for licenses and other filings, analyzing complaints, conducting investigations, developing and implementing regulations, and participating in hearings.
The Consumer & Governmental Affairs (CGB) develops and implements the FCC’s consumer policies, including disability access. CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains collaborative partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness and implementation of new technologies.
The Enforcement Bureau (EB) is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, and terms and conditions of station authorizations. Major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security.
The International Bureau (IB) develops international policies in telecommunications, such as coordination of frequency allocation and orbital assignments so as to minimize cases of international electromagnetic interference involving U.S. licensees. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations and other international agreements.
The Media Bureau (MB) develops, recommends and administers the policy and licensing programs relating to electronic media, including cable television, broadcast television, and radio in the United States and its territories. The Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service.
The Wireless Telecommunications Services (WCS) such as Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) and fixed, mobile, and broadcast services on the 700 MHz Band.
The Wireline Competition Bureau (WCB) develops policy concerning wireline [disambiguation needed] telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureau’s main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in wireline technology infrastructure, development, markets, and services.
The Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau was launched in 2006.
Offices
The FCC’s Offices provide support services to the Bureaus. Though the Bureaus and Offices have their individual functions, they regularly work together on FCC issues.
The Office of Administrative Law Judges (OALJ) is responsible for conducting hearings ordered by the Commission. The hearing function includes acting on interlocutory requests filed in the proceedings such as petitions to intervene, petitions to enlarge issues, and contested discovery requests. An Administrative Law Judge, appointed under the Administrative Procedure Act, presides at the hearing during which documents and sworn testimony are received in evidence, and witnesses are cross-examined. At the conclusion of the evidentiary phase of a proceeding, the presiding Administrative Law Judge writes and issues an Initial Decision which may be appealed to the Commission.
The Office of Communications Business Opportunities (OCBO) promotes telecommunications business opportunities for small, minority-owned, and women-owned businesses. OCBO works with entrepreneurs, industry, public interest organizations, individuals, and others to provide information about FCC policies, increase ownership and employment opportunities, foster a diversity of voices and viewpoints over the airwaves, and encourage participation in FCC proceedings.
The Office of Engineering and Technology (OET) advises the Commission concerning engineering matters.
Its chief role is to manage the electromagnetic spectrum, specifically frequency allocation and spectrum usage. OET conducts technical studies of advanced phases of terrestrial and space communications and administers FCC rules regarding radio devices, experimental radio services, and industrial, scientific, and medical equipment.
OET organizes the Technical Advisory Council, a committee of FCC advisors from major telecommunication and media corporations.
OET operates the Equipment Authorization Branch, which is tasked with overseeing equipment authorization for all devices using the electromagnetic energy from 9 kHz to 300 GHz. OET maintains an electronic database of all Certified equipment which can be easily accessed by the public.
The Office of General Counsel serves as the chief legal advisor to the Commission. The General Counsel also represents the Commission in litigation in United States federal courts, recommends decisions in adjudicatory matters before the Commission, assists the Commission in its decision making capacity and performs a variety of legal functions regarding internal and other administrative matters.
The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) recommends policies to prevent fraud in agency operations. The Inspector General recommends corrective action where appropriate, referring criminal matters to the United States Department of Justice for potential prosecution.
The Office of Legislative Affairs (OLA) is the FCC’s liaison to the United States Congress, providing lawmakers with information about FCC regulations. OLA also prepares FCC witnesses for Congressional hearings, and helps create FCC responses to legislative proposals and Congressional inquiries. In addition, OLA is a liaison to other Federal agencies, as well as state and local governments.
The Office of the Managing Director (OMD) is responsible for the administration and management of the FCC, including the agency’s budget, personnel, security, contracts, and publications.
The Office of Media Relations (OMR) is responsible for the dissemination of Commission announcements, orders, proceedings, and other information per media requests. OMR manages the FCC Daily Digest, website, and Audio Visual Center.
The Office of the Secretary (OSEC) oversees the receipt and distribution of documents filed by the public through electronic and paper filing systems and the FCC Library collection. In addition, OSEC publishes legal notices of Commission decisions in the Federal Register and the FCC Record.
The Office of Strategic Planning & Policy Analysis (OSP), essentially a think tank within the FCC, identifies policy objectives for the agency. OSP works closely with the FCC Chairman and is responsible for monitoring the state of the communications industry to identify trends, issues and overall industry health. OSP acts as expert consultants to the Commission in areas of economic, business, and market analysis. The Office also reviews legal trends and developments not necessarily related to current FCC proceedings, such as intellectual property law, the Internet, and electronic commerce. Previously OSP was called the Office of Plans and Policy (OPP). Catherine Bohigian has been the chief of the OSP since 2005.
The Office of Workplace Diversity (OWD) develops policy to provide a full and fair opportunity for all employees, regardless of non-merit factors such as race, religion, gender, color, age, disability, sexual orientation or national origin, to carry out their duties in the workplace free from unlawful discriminatory treatment, including sexual harassment and retaliation for engaging in legally protected activities.
Broadcast licensing
An additional logo
As a regulator of over-the-air broadcast station [disambiguation needed]s, FCC has one major regulatory instrument, revoking broadcast licenses, but short of that has limited leverage except for fines. (see FCC MB Docket 04-232). Sanctions run a report-basis system. Additionally, broadcast licenses are to be renewed if the station meets the “public interest, convenience, or necessity”. However, the Federal Communications Commission now rarely checks except for some obvious and outstanding reason; the burden of proof would be on the complainant in a petition to deny. Fewer than 1% of station renewals are not immediately granted, and only a small fraction of those are ultimately denied.
The Federal Communications Commission also licenses amateur radio operators and repeater stations, and does use its power to fine amateur radio operators who flagrantly violate its rules. It also licenses commercial operators who operate and repair certain radiotelephone, television, radar, and Morse code radio stations. In recent years it has also licensed people who maintain or operate GMDSS stations. While the FCC maintains control of the written and Morse testing standards, it no longer administers the exams, having delegated that function to private organizations.
The FCC has been criticized for awarding a digital TV (DTV) channel to each holder of an analog TV station license without an auction, as well as trading auctionable spectrum to Nextel to resolve public safety RF interference problems. Conversely, it has also been criticized for forcing stations to buy and install all new equipment (transmitters, TV antennas, and even entirely new broadcast towers), and operate for years on both channels at once. This was at great expense to every TV station, and without government compensation for the regulatory taking, despite 20 billion dollars brought in by taking more than 25% of the TV broadcast band (and the part most valuable for mobile TV, the future of broadcasting) away and auctioning it. On June 12, 2009, all full-power analog terrestrial TV licenses in the U.S. were terminated, with terrestrial television subsequently available only from the digital channels and a few low-power LPTV stations, leaving stations and the viewing public with millions of dollars in useless analog equipment, and with a reduced audience that could not or would not get the necessary DTV converter boxes. See DTV transition in the United States.
Controversies
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Unreleased reports
2003 study of commercial radio concentration
In 2003, the FCC Media Bureau produced a draft report analyzing the impact of deregulation in the radio industry. The report stated that from March 1996 through March 2003, the number of commercial radio stations on the air rose 5.9 percent while the number of station owners fell 35 percent. The concentration of ownership followed a 1996 rewrite of telecommunications law that eliminated a 40-station national ownership cap.
The report was never made public, nor have any similar analyses followed, despite the fact that radio industry reports were released in 1998, 2001 and 2002. In September 2006, Senator Barbara Boxer, who had received a copy of the report, released it.
2004 study of television media concentration
In 2004, the FCC ordered its staff to destroy all copies of a draft study by Keith Brown and Peter Alexander, two economists in the FCC’s Media Bureau. The two had analyzed a database of 4,078 individual news stories broadcast in 1998, showed local ownership of television stations adds almost five and one-half minutes of total news to broadcasts and more than three minutes of “on-location” news.
The conclusion of the study was at odds with FCC arguments made when it voted in 2003 to increase the number of television stations a company could own in a single market. (In June 2004, a federal appeals court rejected the agency’s reasoning on most of the rules and ordered it to try again.)
In September 2006, Senator Barbara Boxer, who had received a copy of the report “indirectly from someone within the FCC who believed the information should be made public,” wrote a letter to FCC Chairman Kevin Martin, asked whether any other commissioners “past or present” knew of the report’s existence and why it was never made public. She also asked whether it was “shelved because the outcome was not to the liking of some of the commissioners and/or any outside powerful interests?” Boxer’s office said if she does not receive adequate answers to her questions, she will push for an investigation by the FCC inspector general.
Action by FCC Chairman
In a letter in response to Senator Boxer, FCC Chairman Martin said “I want to assure you that I too am concerned about what happened to these two draft reports.” The letter also said “I have asked the inspector general of the FCC to conduct an investigation into what happened to these draft documents and will cooperate fully with him.” Martin added that he was not chairman at the time the reports were drafted, and that neither he nor his staff had seen them.
NSA wiretapping
When it emerged in 2006 that AT&T, BellSouth and Verizon may have broken U.S. laws by aiding the National Security Agency in possible illegal wiretapping of its customers, Congressional representatives called for an FCC investigation into whether or not those companies broke the law. The FCC declined to investigate, however, claiming that it could not investigate due to the classified nature of the program a move that provoked the criticism of members of Congress.
“Today the watchdog agency that oversees the country’s telecommunications industry refused to investigate the nation’s largest phone companies’ reported disclosure of phone records to the NSA,” said Rep. Edward Markey (D-Mass.) in response to the decision. “The FCC, which oversees the protection of consumer privacy under the Communications Act of 1934, has taken a pass at investigating what is estimated to be the nation’s largest violation of consumer privacy ever to occur. If the oversight body that monitors our nation’s communications is stepping aside then Congress must step in.”
Diversity
With the major demographic shifts occurring in the country in terms of the racial-ethnic composition of the population, the FCC has also been criticized for ignoring the issue of decreasing racial-ethnic diversity of the media. This includes charges that the FCC has been watering down the limited affirmative action regulations it had on the books, including no longer requiring stations to make public their data on their minority staffing and hiring. In the second half of 2006, groups such as the National Hispanic Media Coalition, the National Latino Media Council, the National Association of Hispanic Journalists, the National Institute for Latino Policy, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and others held town hall meetings in California, New York and Texas on media diversity as its affects Latinos and minority communities. They documented widespread and deeply-felt community concerns about the negative effects of media concentration and consolidation on racial-ethnic diversity in staffing and programming. See El Diario La Prensa’s editorial on media diversity. At these Latino town hall meetings, the issue of the FCC’s lax monitoring of obscene and pornographic material in Spanish-language radio and the lack of racial and national-origin diversity among Latino staff in Spanish-language television were other major themes. President Obama appointed Mark Lloyd to the FCC in the newly created post of Associate General Counsel/Chief Diversity Officer.
Use of white space
On October 15, 2008, FCC Chairman Kevin Martin announced his support for the use of white spaces within the radio frequency spectrum. White spaces are airwaves that will go unused after the federally mandated transformation of analog TV signal goes digital. He said he is “hoping to take advantage of utilizing these airwaves for broadband services to allow for unlicensed technologies and new innovations in that space.” While technology innovators such as Google and Microsoft are vying for the use of this white-space to support innovation in Wi-Fi technology, broadcasters and wireless microphone manufacturers fear that the use of white-space would “disrupt their broadcasts and the signals used in sports events and concerts.” Cell phone providers such as T-Mobile USA have mounted pressure on the FCC to instead offer up the white-space for sale to boost competition and market leverage.
On November 4, 2008, the FCC unanimously agreed to open up unused broadcast TV spectrum for unlicensed use.
Network neutrality
Main article: Network neutrality in the United States
The FCC has claimed some jurisdiction over the issue of network neutrality (see Network neutrality in the United States) and has laid down guideline rules that it expects the telecommunications industry to follow. On February 11, 2008 Rep. Ed Markey and Rep. Chip Pickering introduced HR5353 “To establish broadband policy and direct the Federal Communications Commission to conduct a proceeding and public broadband summit to assess competition, consumer protection, and consumer choice issues relating to broadband Internet access services, and for other purposes.” On 1 August 2008 the FCC formally voted 3-to-2 to upholding a complaint against Comcast, the largest cable company in the US, ruling that it had illegally inhibited users of its high-speed Internet service from using file-sharing software. The FCC imposed no fine, but required Comcast to end such blocking in 2008. FCC chairman Kevin J. Martin said the order was meant to set a precedent that Internet providers, and indeed all communications companies, could not prevent customers from using their networks the way they see fit unless there is a good reason. In an interview Martin stated that “We are preserving the open character of the Internet” and “We are saying that network operators can’t block people from getting access to any content and any applications.” The case highlighted broader issues of whether new legislation is needed to force Internet providers to maintain network neutrality, i.e. treat all uses of their networks equally. The legal complaint against Comcast related to BitTorrent, software that is commonly used for downloading larger files.
Proprietary standards
The FCC has also been criticized for ignoring international open standards, and instead choosing proprietary closed standards, or allowing communications companies to do so and implement the anticompetitive practice of vendor lock-in, thereby preventing a free market.
In the case of digital TV, it chose the ATSC standard, even though DVB was already in use around the world, including DVB-S satellite TV in the U.S. Unlike competing standards, the ATSC system is encumbered by numerous patents, and therefore royalties that make TV sets and DTV converters much more expensive than in the rest of the world. Additionally, the claimed benefit of better reception in rural areas is more than negated in urban areas by multipath [disambiguation needed], which other systems are nearly immune to. It also cannot be received while in motion for this reason, while all other systems can, even without dedicated mobile TV signals or receivers.
For digital radio, the FCC chose proprietary HD Radio, which crowds the existing FM broadcast band and even AM broadcast band with in-band adjacent-channel sidebands, which create noise in other stations. This is in contrast to worldwide DAB, which uses unused TV channels in the VHF band III range. This too has patent fees, while DAB does not. Enormous expense is involved in converting each station, largely from these fees, and so it is completely prohibitive for community radio and most other non-commercial educational stations.
Satellite radio (also called SDARS by the FCC) uses two proprietary standards instead of DAB-S, which requires users to change equipment when switching from one provider to the other, and prevents other competitors from offering new choices as stations can do on terrestrial radio. Had the FCC picked DAB-T for terrestrial radio, no separate satellite receiver would have been needed at all, and the only difference from DAB receivers in the rest of the world would be in software, where it would need to tune S band instead of L band.
In mobile telephony, the FCC abandoned the “any lawful device” principle decided against AT&T landlines, and has instead allowed each mobile phone company to dictate what its customers can use.
Local broadcasting
After being successful in opening the FM band as a superior alternative to the AM band by allowing colleges and other schools to start ten-watt LPFM stations, the FCC banned new ones around 1980, at the behest of the powerful commercial radio stations of the National Association of Broadcasters, and the then-new National Public Radio. The exception to the ban is for NAB/NPR member stations (and now religious radio) to construct broadcast translators, which raises issues about equal protection of free speech, because it bans technically-identical stations just for originating their own programming. Commercial station groups are now also using “translator” stations to circumvent caps on local media ownership, be feeding them a signal that is also broadcast on an AM station or “HD” channel that cannot otherwise be heard.
The concept of the city of license has also become a nearly meaningless legal fiction over the years, as stations no longer have any requirement to air any local content.
FCC broadcasting tower database
The FCC database of broadcasting towers provides information about the height and year built of broadcasting towers in the USA. It does not contain information about the structural types of towers or about the height of towers used for non-broadcasting purposes like NDBs, LORAN-C transmission towers or VLF transmission facilities of the US Navy, or about towers not used for transmission like the BREN Tower. These are instead tracked by the Federal Aviation Administration as obstructions to air navigation.
FCC commissioners
The FCC is directed by five commissioners appointed by the U.S. president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for five-year terms, except when filling an unexpired term. The president designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairperson. Only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business.
Current chairman and commissioners
Julius Genachowski, Chairman
Michael J. Copps, Commissioner
Robert M. McDowell, Commissioner
Meredith Attwell Baker, Commissioner
Mignon Clyburn, Commissioner
Only three commissioners can be from the same political party. All are appointed by the President to five-year terms, or to finish out vacated five-year terms.
Past chairmen
The following is a complete list of past chairmen:
Kevin J. Martin (R-NC) (March 18, 2005 – January 19, 2009)
Michael K. Powell (R-VA) (January 22, 2001 – March 17, 2005)
William E. Kennard (D-CA) (November 3, 1997 – January 19, 2001) – Managing director of the Global Telecommunications Group for The Carlyle Group
Reed E. Hundt (D-MD) (November 29, 1993 – November 3, 1997) – Senior advisor on information industries at McKinsey & Company
James H. Quello (D-MI) (February 5, 1993 – November 28, 1993; served on the Commission from 1974 – 1997) – Consultant for Wiley Rein, LLP
Alfred C. Sikes (R-MO) (August 8, 1989 – January 19, 1993) – Chair of the Trinity Foundation and a business consultant for the Hearst Corporation
Dennis R. Patrick (R-CA) (April 18, 1987 – August 7, 1989) – Chair of National Geographic Ventures
Mark S. Fowler (R-CA) (May 18, 1981 – April 17, 1987)
Charles D. Ferris (D-MA) (October 17, 1977 – February 4, 1981) – Chairman of the Federal Law Section and member of the Policy Committee at Mintz, Levin, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.
Richard E. Wiley (R-IL) (March 8, 1974 – October 13, 1977) – Partner at Wiley Rein, LLP
Rosel H. Hyde (R-ID) (Chairman, June 27, 1966 – October 31, 1969; Acting Chairman, May 1, 1966 – June 26, 1966; Acting Chairman, April 19, 1954 – October 3, 1954; Chairman, April 18, 1953 – April 18, 1954)
Dean Burch (R-AZ) (October 13, 1969 – March 8, 1974)
E. William Henry (D-TN) (June 2, 1963 – May 1, 1966)
Newton N. Minow (D-IL) (March 2, 1961 – June 1, 1963) – Senior Counsel at Sidley Austin LLP
Frederick W. Ford (R-WV) (March 15, 1960 – March 1, 1961)
George McConnaughey (R-OH) (October 4, 1951 – June 30, 1957)
Robert E. Lee (R-IL) (Chairman, April 13, 1981 – May 18, 1981; Interim Chairman, February 5, 1981 – April 12, 1981) – Served as on the Commission from 1953-1981
John C. Doerfer (R-WI) (July 1, 1957 – March 10, 1960)
Wayne Coy (D-IN) (December 29, 1947 – February 21, 1952)
Charles R. Denny (D-DC) (Chairman, December 4, 1946 – October 31, 1947; Acting Chairman, February 26, 1946 – December 3, 1946)
Paul A. Porter (D-KY) (December 21, 1944 – February 25, 1946)
Ewell K. Jett (I-MD) (Interim Chairman, November 16, 1944 – December 20, 1944)
James Lawrence Fly (D-TX) (September 1, 1939 – November 13, 1944)
Frank McNinch (D-NC) (October 1, 1937 – August 31, 1939)
Anning S. Prall (D-NY) (March 9, 1935 – July 23, 1937)
Paul A. Walker (D-OK) (Chairman, February 28, 1952 – April 17, 1953; Acting Chairman, November 3, 1947 – December 28, 1947)
Eugene O. Sykes (D-MS) (July 11, 1934 – March 8, 1935)
Past commissioners
A complete list of commissioners is available on the FCC website. Notable commissioners include:
Frieda B. Hennock (D-NY)
Eugene O. Sykes (R-MS)
Paul A. Walker (D-OK)
Anning S. Prall (D-NY)
Frank McNinch (D-NC)
James Lawrence Fly (D-TX)
Paul A. Porter (D-KY)
Charles R. Denny (D-DC)
Rosel H. Hyde (R-ID)
Wayne Coy (D-IN)
John C. Doerfer (R-WI)
Robert E. Lee (R-IL)
George McConnaughey (R-OH)
Frederick W. Ford (R-WV)
Newton N. Minow (D-IL) 1961-
Dean Burch (R-AZ) 1969-1974
Richard E. Wiley (R-IL) 1974-1977
Charles Ferris (D-MA) 1977-1981
Mark Fowler (R-CA) 1981-1989 Eliminated the Fairness Doctrine
Alfred Sikes (R-MO) 1989-1993
James H. Quello(D-MI) 1993-1993
Reed E. Hundt (D-CA) 1993-1997
William E. Kennard (D-CA) 1997-2001
Michael Powell (R-VA) 2001-2005
Headquarters
The FCC leases space in the Portals building in southwest Washington, DC. Construction of the Portals building was scheduled to begin on March 1, 1996. In January 1996 the General Services Administration signed a lease with the building’s owners, agreeing to let the FCC lease 450,000 square feet (42,000 m2) of space in Portals for 20 years, at a cost of $17.3 million per year in 1996 dollars. Prior to its current arrangement, the FCC had space in six buildings by 19th Street NW and M Street NW. The FCC first solicited bids for a new headquarters complex in 1989. In 1991 the GSA selected the Portals website. The FCC had wanted to move into a more expensive area along Pennsylvania Avenue.
See also
National broadband plans from around the world
Frequency assignment authority
Mercedes divide
Open spectrum
List of telecommunications regulatory bodies
References
^ FY 2011 Budget Estimate FCC Budget Estimates. FCC.
^ a b c “2008 Performance and Accountability Report”. Federal Communications Commission. September 2008. http://www.fcc.gov/Reports/ar2008.pdf.
^ “2009 Budget of the Federal Communications Commission”. http://www.fcc.gov/Reports/fcc2009budget.html.
^ Condon, Stephanie (14 November 2008). “Obama transition team names FCC review leaders”. CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-10097760-38.html. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
^ Condon, Stephanie (13 November 2008). “More tech executives join Obama transition team”. CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-10096578-38.html.
^ Clarke Ingram, “The DuMont Television Network: Historical Web Site”. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
^ http://www.southplainscollege.edu/dub/postfreeze.htm Douglas Gomery, “Television Sweeps the Nation: The Story Behind the Pioneering Post-”Freeze” Stations”. From the W. D. “Dub” Rogers, Jr. Television Collection at South Plains College. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
^ “Local Community Radio Act of 2009″. Govtrack.us. 2009-10-29. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-1147.
^ FCC Oversight Hearing (September 17, 2009). “FCC: Unanimous, bipartisan support for LPFM”. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQ4TC9Aqjfc.
^ Ahrens, Frank (2006-06-08). “The Price for On-Air Indecency Goes Up”. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060700287.html. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
^ “Bill Number S. 193″. Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 (Introduced in Senate) from Congressional THOMAS DB. http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bill.xc?billnum=S.193&congress=109. Retrieved 2005-04-11.
^ FCC Office of Strategic Planning and Policy Analysis.
^ Fifth Review of the Radio Industry, FCC Media Bureau, undated.
^ a b John Dunbar, Senator says media study suppressed “Senator says media study suppressed”, Associated Press, 2006-09-18.[dead link]
^ John Dunbar, “Lawyer says FCC ordered study destroyed”, Associated Press, 2006-09-14.
^ FCC Refuses to Investigate NSA Program, Predicting Likely Administration Road Blocks Edward J. Markey. May 23, 2006.
^ SSRC.
^ Obama’s Diversity Offensive Against Talk Radio August 30, 2009 By Christopher Ruddy.
^ Olga Kharif (October 15, 2008). “FCC’s Kevin Martin Supports Freeing White Spaces”. Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2008/10/fccs_kevin_mart.html. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ David Gonzalez (October 15, 2008). “FCC Chairman Kevin Martin wants to allow the use of portable devices on white spaces”. UnWiredView.com. http://www.unwiredview.com/2008/10/15/fcc-chairman-kevin-martin-wants-to-allow-the-use-of-portable-devices-on-white-spaces/. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ Marguerite Reardon (November 4, 2008). “FCC opens free ‘white space’ spectrum”. CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-10082505-94.html. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
^ FCC opens up wireless ‘white spaces;’ Assessing winners, losers and wild-cards November 5, 2008.
^ http://www.freepress.net/docs/markey_086_xml.pdf HR5353
^ Hansell, Saul (2008-08-02). “F.C.C. Vote Sets Precedent on Unfettered Web Usage”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/02/technology/02fcc.html.
^ ASR Registration Search. Retrieved on 2009-11-04.
^ a b “FCC Commissioners”. FCC. http://www.fcc.gov/commissioners/. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
^ Commissioners from 1934 to Present FCC
^ Haggerty, Maryann. “FCC Ends Long Fight, Will Move to Southwest D.C.” The Washington Post. January 24, 1996. Financial F01. Retrieved on March 5, 2010.
External links
FCC website
Frequency Coordinator
Antenna Geocode Locator
Enforcement Policies Regarding Broadcast Indecency
FCC Rules(CFR Title 47) On-Line at GPO
The FCC Record online at the UNT Libraries Digital Collections
New Wave: The case for killing the FCC and selling off spectrum By Jack Shafer, 17 January 2007
Federal Communications Commission Meeting Notices and Rule Changes from The Federal Register RSS Feed
Cybertelecom :: FCC and the Internet
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Luckenbooths were shops in Edinburgh, situated on the Royal Mile from St Giles’ Cathedral down towards the Canongate. They were the city’s first permanent shops that housed jewellery workers and other trades, dating from the 16th century.
The luckenbooth brooch is a traditional Scottish wedding brooch given to the bride by the groom on their wedding day, and subsequently pinned to the shawl of the first baby to protect it from “evil spirits”. By the 18th century it had also became a common decorative symbol in Native American costume.
The luckenbooth brooch has figures very similar to the Claddagh ring, and a similar purpose of being a love token. The luckenbooth charm also continues the traditional theme of heart and crown. The earliest records of heart-shaped brooches in Scotland date back to 1503. In the 18th century, these brooches were often known as ‘Luckenbooth’ brooches because they were sold from locked booths in the jewellery quarter of St. Giles.
By the mid 18th century luckenbooth tokens also featured heavily as trade silver items to the native peoples of the eastern woodlands, particularly the Iroquois of the Six Nations. As a result, luckenbooth brooches also became a common decorative symbol in 18th and early 19th century native clothing.
Another legend of the luckenbooth is that it was a symbol of love and devotion, which Mary Queen of Scots is said to have given to Lord Darnley. It has the St. Andrew Cross, the Scottish thistles, and entwined hearts.
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Categories: Wedding | Economic history of Scotland | History of Edinburgh | Scottish dress | Native American clothing | Royal Mile | Edinburgh stubs | Culture stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from March 2009 | All articles lacking sources
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