If you are pondering over this question, “how to get back with my ex girlfriend” please understand that this is a very delicate situation. Feelings may be badly hurt on both ends and anything that you may do now or not do may cause even more hurt.

Read more on How to Get Back With My Ex Girlfriend – 5 Steps That Will Not Fail You…

The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.

Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…

The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.

Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…

Rules

The players take turns placing pegs of their respective colors on the board, one peg per turn.

The player with the lighter color makes the first move.

A player may not place a peg on their opponent’s border rows.

To counteract first-move advantage, the pie rule is suggested. After the first peg is placed, the second player has the option to swap sides. This is typically indicated by turning the pieces box end for end, or swapping boxes if they are separate. If the second player chooses not to swap immediately after the first peg is placed, then sides may not be swapped later in that game. (This “one-move equalization” was added by Randolph after 3M published his game. It is present in the Schmidt Spiele edition and all later editions.)

After placing a peg, you may link one or more pairs of pegs on the board which are all your own colour. The links can only go between two pegs a knight’s move away from each other, and cannot cross another link; they block other links, most importantly the opponent’s. As part of your move, you may remove your own links (but not your opponent’s) in order to rearrange the sequence of links on the board. (Variant for pencil and paper play: you may cross your own links but not your opponent’s. See below.)

The object is to make a continuous chain of linked pegs connecting your border rows. If neither side can achieve this, the game is a draw.

Basic Patterns

Despite such a large grid, games are frequently over before both sides have each made 25 moves. The tactics are very sharp and unforgiving. A knowledge of the most common peg patterns can help guide your eye towards the best move choices.

The five setups.

A setup is a pattern of two pegs of the same color which can connect to each other in a single move in two different ways. The gap between these pegs is generally difficult for the opponent to attack, since if one connection is blocked then the other is usually still available. There are five setups, each characterized by a name and by two numbers which represent the horizontal and vertical distances between these pegs. The larger value is listed first.

The yellow holes indicate where a third peg of the same color would form a double link connection. The red holes indicate possible points of attack for the opponent. For example, against white’s beam setup in the top left, black could play at F7 which would link to H8. Placing a linked peg adjacent to a lone opposing peg this way is called a hammer attack. Black threatens to cut past E7 on one side or the other. In the top right, white could attack black’s 3-3 tilt setup by linking to T8, threatening R9 or S10. Of course white would also be threatening in other directions, but our concern for the moment is just with setups and how to attack them. In the bottom right, black could launch a hammer attack with a link to S17, threatening Q16 or R15. Against the remaining two setups, the 2-0 mesh and the 1-1 short, a simple hammer attack will not work, because the two double linking paths are too widely separated. That does not mean that those setups are completely invulnerable, however.

There are plenty of other ways to place two pegs of the same color so that the gap between them is difficult to attack. The next diagram shows a few of them. The 5-2 gap is particularly strong. These two pegs can be connected in two moves in a variety of ways, usually too many for the opponent to block them all. The 5-0 gap is slightly more vulnerable. For example, if the O7 peg is unlinked, white might be able to attack at Q7. Then if black plays R6 threatening P5 or Q8, white could play O8, threatening N6 or R5.

The 3-0 gap involves some very tricky tactics. For example, if black tries to attack with an unlinked peg at O15, white could respond with N16 which threatens to double link at P15.

The 4-2 gap is technically not a setup, because there is only one way to connect these pegs in one move. But without a nearby peg, it may be difficult for black to attack this pattern anyway. If black plays L20, white could respond at K20 or at M20, forming a combination of a coign setup and a short setup. Since the short setup is so difficult to attack, white will probably manage to connect J21 to N19, albeit in three moves rather than one. White might also respond to L20 with either K21 or M19, which is much more complicated.

It’s usually good enough to play close to the peg you want to connect to, since the most important thing is to block your opponent. You’ll probably be able to complete the connection later in the game. For example, in the 4-3 gap, if white attacks with H14 black might respond with H15, which is a 2-2 gap from F17. This is four knight’s moves away, but physically the pegs are close. If white continues the attack with G16 then black has H16 which threatens to double link at J15.

Here are a few more useful gaps to know. This is by no means an exhaustive list. The 6-1 gap can be vulnerable to attack like the 5-0 gap in the previous plate. With a white peg on H8 as shown, White could attack at H4, with the idea that black J4* would be answered by white F5*. In general, the “skinnier” the pattern of connecting holes is, such as with the 6-1 and 5-4 gaps, the more easily this gap could be attacked if the opponent has a peg close enough. But if there is no nearby opposing peg, such a pattern might be preferred because it crosses a large gap in few moves. An extreme example of this would be to extend a straight line of knight’s moves by playing a 6-3 gap or 8-4 etc. If by making such a move you are also making another threat in another direction, this could be the most efficient possible use of the board. There are of course lots of gaps which would take three or more moves to connect. Shown here is the 7-3. Here black threatens to turn this into a “beam-tilt combination” by playing in either green hole (N15 or M18), or black might link to either blue hole (L16* or O17*) which would reduce this to a 5-2 gap.

The following diagrams use diagonal guide lines which emanate from the four corners of the common playing area. They are intended as a frame of reference on this huge grid of holes. They can help you see which side is going to win a corner battle.

The moves for each battle are numbered. One player makes the odd numbered moves, and the other player makes the even numbered moves. The notation shows an asterisk * for each link added to the peg that was just placed.

In the top left, black can hammer white with 1.G6*. If white responds with 2.D7* then after 3.E5* 4.C5* 5.C4* black has reached the crucial diagonal leading to B2. The top right shows the result of a similar fight with colors reversed, except here the hammer attack at T7 did not work because black was one row closer to the black border row, and black gained the crucial diagonal.

In a local battle, it is often a good idea to play where your opponent would like to play. In the bottom right, white has played 1.U21 which is a 2-1 block, or linking block, of the opponent and also forms a beam setup with U17. There are generally two ways to attack such a block, either a coign attack with 2.V21, or a short hammer attack with 2.T21. Neither attack works here. After 1.U21 2.V21 3.W20* 4.T22** 5.V22* white gains the corner. The bottom left is a mirror image, and shows the result after 1.D21 2.E21 3.F22* which threatens to cut through black’s short setup with a double link at E20.

In the top left of this next diagram, white has another type of hammer attack. 1.G6 is called a mesh hammer. This works here because the white border row is so close that white can cut past black with either F4* or H4*, and also the 2-0 mesh setup between G6 and G8 is invulnerable to a simple hammer counterattack by black. The top right is a mirror image, and shows the result after 1.R6 2.Q6* 3.S4* 4.S7* 5.T7**.

The bottom left shows one way to defeat the mesh hammer attack. Black’s “net” cannot be pierced by white in this instance. After 1.G20 2.H20** black threatens to cut through white’s mesh setup with F19**. The bottom right is a mirror image which shows the point of black’s defense.

Perhaps the best way to become familiar with tactics is to work through some puzzles. Many are available at http://www.ibiblio.org/twixtpuzzles/ in an interactive format. If you prefer not to allow Javascript, that same page has a link to download the puzzles, or most of the same puzzles are at http://www.gamerz.net/pbmserv/Twixt/puzzles.html

Sample Game

Here is an 18×18 game played on the K2z real time server. The actual moves of the game are in boldface, and variations are in plain text.

1.G3 Black has the option at this point to swap sides, but decides not to. 2.H8 This and the following two moves are straightforward attempts to block the opponent’s previous peg. 3.L9 4.L11 Now white has no easy way to block L11. He must play the whole board, and try to find a move which makes as many threats as possible, or blocks as many of the opponent’s threats as possible, depending on how you look at it. 5.F10

The point of F10 is that it makes two threats to reach the top, either straight up with something like D5, or through the center with J10*. The assumptions behind this plan are that F10 has a good chance of reaching the bottom border row, and L9 has a good chance of reaching the top. 6.G6*

Black tries to block both threats in one move. Now getting past G6 on the left looks very unlikely for white. At the same time, black threatens to cut straight across the top with L6, or through the center with i10*. 7.N10*

White played on the left side with F10, then black responded along the top with G6*, and now white plays on the right side with N10*. Such a clockwise (or counterclockwise) sequence of moves is called “windmilling” and seems to crop up often in the opening phase, especially on the standard 24×24 grid. Black might continue the windmill at this point with M13* or L15, but instead chooses to attack along the top. 8.M5

White now has a couple of tempting choices which lose. 9.M6 might be called a coign hammer attack, which sometimes works, but not here. 10.L7* 11.L8* 12.K9** and black wins.

Instead of 9.M6, a much more subtle losing move is 9.K7*.

White threatens M6* so black has to play 10.K4* and then white has the clever idea 11.F5*

E7* or H6* is white’s double threat here. But black has a surprising resource: 12.F9*!

Now after 13.H6* 14.M13*

M13 cannot be prevented from reaching the right side, and on the left, black can use the threat of connecting to the H8 group. Here are three possible variations:

15.J10* 16.H13 17.H11** 18.F14* 19.Q13 20.P15 21.P16 22.O17* 23.Q14* 24.Q16* black wins,

or 15.D9* 16.G11* 17.G12* 18.E5* 19.i11* 20.i8 21.H9* 22.G9* 23.D4* 24.C4* 25.J8* 26.J6** 27.F7 trying to draw 28.J7 black must not remove his i8/J6 link yet 29.L5* now black can play at i5, remove the i8/J6 link, and add the chain of three links H8/J7/i5/K4. The notation for this is 30.i5-i8/J6+H8/J7/i5/K4 black wins.

Another variation is 15.i11 16.J12* 17.D9* 18.H13* 19.G12** 20.F14* 21.B14 22.D14 23.D15* 24.E16** 25.C12* 26.C17* black wins.

So 9.K7* Loses for white. But white did not play 9.K7*, he played 9.K6

What should the outcome of this position be? Let’s do the battle on the bottom half first. If black can win across the bottom, there will be no need to bother with the top. What follows is a variation, though, not what black actually played.

10.K13* does not work because white has 11.O12*, for example 12.O16 13.L15

White connects to the bottom easily. Instead of 10.K13* black has 10.L15 11.J10* 12.G14 13.i14 14.J14* 15.E14 16.H13* 17.E12* 18.J9*!

J9 threatens i11** and at the same time supports black’s attack across the top. Continuing this variation, 19.H11** 20.J4 21.J3 22.L5* 23.i5** 24.K7**

Black wins. It looks like 10.L15 would have won for black.

Returning to the game: 10.J4 11.J3 12.L5* 13.i5**

It’s still not too late for black to win with 14.L15, but instead:

14.K9* This hands the win over to white.

15.J8** 16.M14 17.H9** 18.G14 19.J14 20.H12* 21.K12*

Black resigned.

Questions or comments about the variations seen here, can be directed to a help email, located at twixt@cstone.net.

Variants

Perhaps the most popular variant is called Twixt PP where PP means paper and pencil. The rules are almost identical to standard Twixt. The only difference is with regard to link removal. When you play with paper and pencil, links are never removed (no erasure necessary,) but your own links are allowed to cross each other. This means, for example, that a winning path might loop across itself. Crossed links are not inherently connected to each other. In other words, the object is still to form a sequence of pegs of your color, each directly linked to the next, which connects your border rows.

In terms of game outcome, for the vast majority of games, this rules change makes no difference. On the Little Golem turn-based server, thousands of games have been played, all using the PP ruleset. Of those, only a handfuless than 0.1%an be pointed to as reasonably clear examples of games that probably would have ended differently under standard rules. Most of those are games which would have been a draw under standard rules instead of a win for one side. But one game almost certainly would have been a win for one side instead of the other.

A contrived example of such a situation on a smaller board is illustrated at the left. Under PP rules, black to move has an easy win with F9, linking to both E11 and H8. But under standard rules, black would have to first remove the F8/G10 link in order to place F9/H8, and that would allow white to then play at E9, double linking to D11 and G8. White is also threatening to play either i9, which is a triple link, or H10, which is unstoppably connected to the bottom. There is no way for black to effectively block all these threats.

Some players might argue that PP rules are cleaner than standard rules: for one thing, the incidence of draws is reduced. But draws are already quite rare under standard rules, and others believe the extra complications that result from link removal add depth and beauty to the game. In the Randolph series of puzzles, link removal is an essential part of several of those puzzles, and they would not be particularly interesting or challenging positions under PP rules.

Row handicapping is another variant which offers a way for players of different strengths to both enjoy a challenging game together. The simplest handicap is to eliminate the pie rule. Beyond that, one dimension of the grid is reduced. The weaker player moves first and also has less distance to cross. On a physical board, this might be implemented with two extra pieces of neutral color which look nothing like pegs but which fit in the holes. These are placed in the two new corners of the board, which are out of play, to indicate the new location of one of the weaker player’s border rows. Six rows plus move might be a reasonable handicap between an experienced player and a beginner. The idea is to find a handicap where each player wins about half the time. Of course there is no pie rule for any handicap game.

Different size grids from the standard 2424 could be regarded as variants. The 1212 board shown here leads to a very short game. It might be useful for development of computer programs which play the game, but between humans it is not very interesting. Even on the 2424 grid, tactical considerations tend to predominate. The opening phase is over quickly, and the rest of the game is spent attempting to tactically justify the plan which you are now stuck with. By comparison, Hex, which has a very similar game object, may have more monotonous tactics, but strategical considerations are much more important. In this sense, Hex is more like Go than Twixt is, since a single move is generally less committal, and mistakes may not be punished as quickly. Since most commercial sets use boards which are made from four “quadrants” which either clip together or are hinged, a 3636 grid could be cobbled together from three sets of the same size. In Europe, there briefly appeared a Twixt knock-off called “Imuri” which used a 3030 grid. The board had no holes, and lines were drawn to indicate where the links could be placed. But the manufacturing quality was not so great; for example, link paths were drawn at each corner between adjacent border rows (A2 to C1 etc.) This edition was removed from shelves after Mr. Randolph threatened suit.

Mark Thompson’s variant Diagonal Twixt has the same rules as standard Twixt, but the border lines no longer run parallel to the square grid of holes. Mark’s idea was for border lines which run at a 45 degree angle to the grid (). David Bush’s version has the border lines running parallel to link paths. These variants result in many different tactical patterns. They feel like completely new games in this respect.

References

K2Z server K2Z server: play TwixT online

igGameCenter play Twixt and many other abstracts online

Little Golem’s TwixT Page TwixT platform featuring tournaments and championships (turnbased server)

twixt.wetpaint.com Strategy, tactics, existing computer programms and much more

Twixt web page on Richard Rognlie’s Play-By-eMail Server

Intro to Twixt on the Mind Sports Olympiad website. Besides the rules, there are example games, positions, and puzzles.

Twixt puzzles created by Alex Randolph

TwixT at BoardGameGeek

Funagain Games

Information about computer-programs playing Twixt

senseis wiki: twixt More info about Twixt

interactive commentary on Little Golem games

puzzles in an interactive format

twixtlive.com Play TwixT online

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Categories: 3M Bookshelf games | Abstract strategy games | Connection games | Alex Randolph games | Avalon Hill games | Kosmos games | Paper and pencil gamesHidden categories: Wikipedia references cleanup from February 2010

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Since the global financial crisis, China's exports face a huge challenge, China is the world's largest producers of gifts, gift industry is also committed difficult. The reporter recently, "the twenty-first China International Gifts, Premium & Houseware Fair," the organizing committee learned that, as the economic situation improved, popular festival gifts to the gift industry to accelerate warming, while innovative, new elements and More and more industry participation is also more confident to the gift industry.

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    From Guangdong, Fujian and other gifts on behalf of the export base of the exhibitors, said: "Europe and the United States market in the doldrums, South America, Southeast Asia, not the total demand for large, compared to the domestic market has great open space, just Beijing Gift Development built a platform for docking of supply and demand, so we unanimously decided to go north to look for opportunities. "According to reports, this exhibition area will reach 35,000 square meters, more than 1,000 exhibitors, more than doubled the size last Legco to achieve a leap-forward development.

    Must understand the show will have thousand kinds of boutique during the influx of national development, including in arts and crafts, traditional pottery-led gifts, digital, home appliances based electronic gifts, gift ideas DIY advocate, there's A Franchise child wood, NBA and other authorized gifts. Among the many new products, the Expo and the Year of the Tiger highlights two major themes is outstanding, into the Treasure, Golden Tiger and other elements of innovative gift will shine at the show. Acclimatized to solve the problem of foreign trade enterprises, the organizer will give full play resource integration, the most attention in the business channel development, brand display and design development to upgrade services and other related areas, and joint multi-region held in New gift associations and enterprises released Council, product launches and the purchase order will be.

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Series overview

Season

Episodes

Season Premiere

Season Finale

1

6

October 12, 2007

November 16, 2007

2

24

July 15, 2008

December 26, 2008

3

18

March 6, 2009

July 31, 2009

4

19

September 11, 2009

December 18, 2009

Episodes

Specials

Ep #

Title

Airdate

S-01

“Ultimate Wedding Edition”

January 25, 2009 (2009-01-25)

Season 1

Ep #

Total

Title

Airdate

1

1

“Here Comes the Bridal Salon/Three Times a Bride”

October 12, 2007 (2007-10-12)

2

2

“Rocking the Dress/I Do or I Don’t”

October 19, 2007 (2007-10-19)

3

3

“That’s Not My Dress/Bridal Breakdown”

October 26, 2007 (2007-10-26)

4

4

“Lucky in Love/Wedding Dress Blues”

November 2, 2007 (2007-11-02)

5

5

“To Buy or Not to Buy/What a Girl Wants”

November 9, 2007 (2007-11-09)

6

6

“Italian Dressing/Here Comes the Groom”

November 16, 2007 (2007-11-16)

Season 2

Ep #

Total

Title

Airdate

1

7

“Here Comes the Bride Again–and Again”

July 15, 2008 (2008-07-15)

2

8

“Bridal BFFs”

July 22, 2008 (2008-07-22)

3

9

“Mother Knows Best”

July 29, 2008 (2008-07-29)

4

10

“I Do–Redux”

August 5, 2008 (2008-08-05)

5

11

“Daddy’s Little Girl”

August 12, 2008 (2008-08-12)

6

12

“Bridal Blow Out”

August 29, 2008 (2008-08-29)

7

13

“Runway Bridal”

September 5, 2008 (2008-09-05)

8

14

“Every Bride Counts”

September 12, 2008 (2008-09-12)

9

15

“Grooms in Gowns”

September 19, 2008 (2008-09-19)

10

16

“What a Bride Wants”

September 26, 2008 (2008-09-26)

11

17

“Double the Trouble”

October 3, 2008 (2008-10-03)

12

18

“It’s Always Something”

October 10, 2008 (2008-10-10)

13

19

“It’s My Wedding, But Don’t Tell the Bridesmaid”

November 21, 2008 (2008-11-21)

14

20

“One is Not Enough”

November 21, 2008 (2008-11-21)

15

21

“To Have And To Hold…The Dress”

November 28, 2008 (2008-11-28)

16

22

“Ciao and Cheerio”

November 28, 2008 (2008-11-28)

17

23

“I’m Not the Problem”

December 5, 2008 (2008-12-05)

18

24

“Bridal Nightmares”

December 5, 2008 (2008-12-05)

19

25

“Under Pressure”

December 12, 2008 (2008-12-12)

20

26

“Emotions Run Wild”

December 12, 2008 (2008-12-12)

21

27

“Second Chances”

December 19, 2008 (2008-12-19)

22

28

“That’s My Dress!”

December 19, 2008 (2008-12-19)

23

29

“Daddy Knows Best”

December 26, 2008 (2008-12-26)

24

30

“Time to Cut the Cord”

December 26, 2008 (2008-12-26)

Season 3

Ep #

Total

Title

Airdate

1

31

“Changes and Challenges”

March 6, 2009 (2009-03-06)

2

32

“In My Opinion”

March 6, 2009 (2009-03-06)

3

33

“Once Upon a Dress”

March 13, 2009 (2009-03-13)

4

34

“Bridal Wave”

March 20, 2009 (2009-03-20)

5

35

“Playing Dress Up”

April 3, 2009 (2009-04-03)

6

36

“The Dress Ties that Bind”

April 10, 2009 (2009-04-10)

7

37

“Seeing Red”

April 17, 2009 (2009-04-17)

8

38

“Hot Dresses, Cold Feet”

April 24, 2009 (2009-04-24)

9

39

“There’s A First For Everything”

May 1, 2009 (2009-05-01)

10

40

“The Art of Negotiation”

May 8, 2009 (2009-05-08)

11

41

“Getting in the Spirit”

May 15, 2009 (2009-05-15)

12

42

“Second Time Around”

June 5, 2009 (2009-06-05)

13

43

“Two For One”

June 19, 2009 (2009-06-19)

14

44

“Missing Mom”

June 26, 2009 (2009-06-26)

15

45

“Clicking with Brides”

July 10, 2009 (2009-07-10)

16

46

“Family Dynamics”

July 17, 2009 (2009-07-17)

17

47

“Indecisive Brides”

July 24, 2009 (2009-07-24)

18

48

“Season 3 Finale: Goals”

July 31, 2009 (2009-07-31)

Season 4

Ep #

Total

Title

Airdate

1

49

“Overbooked”

September 11, 2009 (2009-09-11)

2

50

“Practically Family”

September 11, 2009 (2009-09-11)

3

51

“Going the Extra Mile”

September 18, 2009 (2009-09-18)

4

52

“Veterans vs. Rookies”

September 18, 2009 (2009-09-18)

5

53

“Ready or Not”

September 25, 2009 (2009-09-25)

6

54

“100 Dresses and Counting”

October 2, 2009 (2009-10-02)

7

55

“Voice of Reason”

October 9, 2009 (2009-10-09)

8

56

“The Blowout Sale”

October 9, 2009 (2009-10-09)

9

57

“She’s a Vision”

October 16, 2009 (2009-10-16)

10

58

“Plan B”

October 23, 2009 (2009-10-23)

11

59

“Moms and Daughters”

October 30, 2009 (2009-10-30)

12

60

“Two to Say I Do”

November 6, 2009 (2009-11-06)

13

61

“The Price of Beauty”

November 13, 2009 (2009-11-13)

14

62

“Family Support”

November 20, 2009 (2009-11-20)

15

63

“Nightmares and Dreams”

November 27, 2009 (2009-11-27)

16

64

“Princess Brides”

December 4, 2009 (2009-12-04)

17

65

“Daddy’s Little Girl”

December 11, 2009 (2009-12-11)

18

66

“Cinderella Comes in All Sizes”

December 18, 2009 (2009-12-18)

19

67

“Seeing Eye to Eye”

December 18, 2009 (2009-12-18)

External links

Official Site

Say Yes to the Dress – BridesTelevision.com

Kleinfeld Bridal Say Yes to the Dress Site

Categories: Wedding television shows

Read more on Say Yes to the Dress…

take 34 small home appliances market, manufacturers often use agents pattern laying distribution network throughout the city under the provincial deputy agents, but can not store any of the qualifications to obtain agents, production companies will also do sales agent examination, the agents only to reach annual sales of factory required in order to obtain the cooperation of the coming year, and some people recognized brands which agents do not want to let go.

1999, the only 25-year-old Guang, unable to bear

Boss

The Stingy temper, resigned just done 3 months out of electrical sales battles. 10 years later, Guang Liaocheng in Shandong in their home electrical wholesale store opened at home, their own and became the boss.

"How good do the market at that time ah," recalled the start of the day, Guang not without emotion, recalling look past eras, Guang shook his head, "business has done more good."

Especially cold this year's market

Year Guang quit appliance sales though, but he also saw huge profits selling appliances, he had nothing to start reselling

DVD

Business, the morning start with cargo boxes of credit DVD, with a borrowed flatbed push to sell the city to counter the various shopping malls, night then day to go back to the cargo terminal sales checkout, the day, you can sell more than 10 boxes products, gross profit have more than 1000 yuan. Guang waved stressed that "on the day of the year 1000, what is the concept!"

On the market this year, Guang passion like a bucket of cold water was poured pledge.

5 months of sales, Guang store only had a little more than 700,000, this time in previous years, the average monthly sales are over one million. Especially in summer with home appliances,

Refrigerator

And fans of the annual wholesale shipments are concentrated in the 5,6,7 three months, the dismal start this year, so Guang sales throughout the year are not promising.

Such as Guang appliance sales decline there are many wholesalers.

Mr. Wang is also full of Chongqing's grievances, the first two years, even before the summer, the township's to dealers on the early fans of the goods to him to, hit early paragraph, all goods for fear of late withdrawal by others , almost every delivery in 100 sets. This year, as sales of terminal decline, rural dealers not too much cash into the backlog of cargo, so every time delivery to wholesalers to sell a few units are almost always mention but a few sets to add that in the past one hundred units of the delivery volume of the year almost could not see.

Thinner profit

Lower sales, making a large number of wholesalers in the hands of inventory backlog, in order to survive, some dealers began to grab the market lower profits.

Take 34 small home appliances market, manufacturers often use agents model laying distribution network to save as a unit, with an agent in the provinces, the provincial agency under the municipal agency over, it is not a sale of any stores have access to a particular brand of qualified agents, in addition to the agent to pay a certain fee, producers will be on the agent to do the sales assessment, sales agents only meet the requirements of manufacturers in order to obtain the cooperation of the coming year.

Agents to live, some people do not want to let go of brand recognition, on the other hand, fierce competition, manufacturers are forced by the pressure of sales, some dealers in order to complete the task and began selling lower profit . Guang describes his area of town dealer Ruguo delivery up to a certain size, he can be ex-factory to the lot to the lower level agents, and free delivery, his purpose in doing so solely for the volume, this way, Although the look is losing money, but as long as required to complete the factory sales requirements, you can get at the end of the rebate, rebate the profits of a little hard to sell no more than a year's profits of small cargo.

In the rural market, originally received by the dealer favorite

Appliances to the countryside

Products are not to be optimistic now, many dealers told reporters in the rural market, home appliances to the countryside without winning the fundamental difficulty in marketing the product, but do successful products, manufacturers and agents basically do not make money.

municipal agents to the lower wholesale price is higher than the purchase price of 100, count freight, taxes and other expenses, basically no profit at all. Liu Ying Hubei us forget such an account, a medium price is 655 for

Washing machine

, Manufacturers can take the prices of goods in the 370?? 380 between the rough calculation, excluding freight, taxes, combined with their own organized activities to the procurement agent

Gift

And so on, profit margins have been down to less than 200 yuan, while the lower retail margins if not hundred dollars will not be getting goods to the wholesalers, so the sale of such a washing machine, and finally the profits remain in the hands of agents In the 50 or so, then if the product quality problems, such as after-sales and repair operators come in, basically does not make money.

Read more on Diluted household appliances market profits 34 College Entrance Examination…

History

Choline was discovered by Andreas Strecker in 1864 and chemically synthesized in 1866. In 1998 choline was classified as an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (U.S.A.).

Chemistry

Choline is a quaternary saturated amine with the chemical formula (CH3)3N+CH2CH2OHX, where X is a counterion such as chloride (see choline chloride), hydroxide or tartrate. Choline chloride, in mixture with urea is used as a solvent (DES) and the salicylate salt is used topically for pain relief of aphthous ulcers.

Choline hydroxide

Choline hydroxide is one of the class of phase transfer catalysts which are used to carry the hydroxide ion into organic systems, and because of this it is considered a strong base. It is the least costly phase transfer catalyst, and is used as a cheap method of stripping photoresists in circuit boards. Choline hydroxide is not completely stable and it slowly breaks down into trimethylamine.

The role of choline in humans

Physiology

Choline metabolism. (Choline is green box at left, second from the bottom.)

Choline and its metabolites are needed for three main physiological purposes: structural integrity and signaling roles for cell membranes, cholinergic neurotransmission (acetylcholine synthesis), and as a major source for methyl groups via its metabolite, trimethylglycine (betaine) that participates in the S-adenosylmethionine synthesis pathways.

Fish odor syndrome

Main article: trimethylaminuria

Choline is a precursor to trimethylamine, which some persons are not able to break down due to a genetic disorder. Persons suffering from this disorder, called trimethylaminuria, may suffer from a strong fishy or otherwise unpleasant body odor due to the body’s release of odorous trimethylamine. A body odor will occur even on a normal diet – i.e., one that is not particularly high in choline. Persons with trimethylaminuria are advised to restrict the intake of foods high in choline; this may help to reduce the sufferer’s body odor.When choline is metabolized by the body, it may form trimethylamine, a compound with a fishy odor. Hence, when large amounts of choline are taken the person may suffer from a fishy body odor.

Choline and Anxiety

Despite its importance in the central nervous system as a precursor for acetylcholine and membrane phosphatidylcholine, the role of choline in mental illness has been little studied. In a large population-based study, choline concentrations were inversely correlated with anxiety symptoms in subjects aged 4649 and 7074 years who had valid information on plasma choline concentrations and symptoms of anxiety.

Common sources of choline in the diet

The foods richest in phosphatidylcholine the major delivery form of choline are egg yolks, soy, wheat germ and cooked beef, chicken, veal and turkey livers. In 2004, the USDA released its first database of the choline content in common foods.

The most often available choline dietary supplement is lecithin, derived from soy or egg yolks, often used as a food additive. Phosphatidylcholine is also available as a supplement, in pill or powder form. Supplementary choline is also available as choline chloride, which comes as a liquid due to its hydrophilic properties. Choline chloride is sometimes preferred as a supplement because phosphatidylcholine can have gastrointestinal side effects.

The human body can make some choline, but it is generally recognized that it is important to get dietary choline as well. Although most foods have at least a little choline, some people may have to pay close attention to get enough in their diets, particularly if they do not eat many whole eggs.

Choline as a dietary supplement

It is well established that supplements of methyl group transfer vitamins B6, B12, folic acid reduce the blood titer of homocysteine and so may prevent heart disease. Choline is a necessary source of methyl groups for methyl group transfer. Supplements of lecithin/choline were found to reduce heart disease in laboratory studies.[citation needed] The reduction in heart disease with lecithin supplements may however relate more to the cholesterol carrying capacity of lecithin than to the methyl group transfer role of choline.[specify]

Choline supplements are often taken as a form of ’smart drug’ or nootropic, due to the role that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine plays in various cognition systems within the brain. Choline is a chemical precursor or “building block” needed to produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and research suggests that memory, intelligence and mood are mediated at least in part by acetylcholine metabolism in the brain.[citation needed] In study on rats, a correlation was shown between choline intake during pregnancy and mental task performance of the offspring; however, the same correlation has not been shown in humans. However, this human study admits “Women in the current study consumed their usual diets. They were not eating choline-enriched diets and were not receiving choline supplementation. Therefore, our results indicate that choline concentrations in a physiologic range observed among women consuming a regular diet during pregnancy are not related to IQ in their offspring. We cannot rule out the possibility that choline supplementation could have an IQ effect.”

The compound’s quaternary amine renders it lipid insoluble which might suggest it would be unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. However, despite choline’s lipid insolubility, a choline transporter exists that allows transport across the blood-brain barrier. The efficacy of these supplements in enhancing cognitive abilities is a topic of continuing debate.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that infant formula not made from cow’s milk be supplemented with choline.

Due to its role in lipid metabolism, choline has also found its way into nutritional supplements which claim to reduce body fat; but there is little or no evidence to prove that it has any effect on reducing excess body fat or that taking high amounts of choline will increase the rate at which fat is metabolised.

The dietary choline intake might increase the risk of colon and rectum cancer.

Pharmaceutical Uses

In addition to its role as a nutritional supplement, choline is also used in the treatment of liver disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, and bipolar depression.

Some studies show that as a supplement, choline is also used in treating hepatitis, glaucoma,, atherosclerosis, and, possible, neurological disorders..

Choline has also been proved to have a positive effect on those suffering from alcoholism.

The current NIH funded research study COBRIT is gathering data regarding potential benefit of longterm citicholine treatment for recovery after traumatic brain injury.

Additional images

Choline (C5H14NO+)

Choline chloride

Choline hydroxide

See also

Cytidine diphosphate choline

Dimethylethanolamine

References

^ Jane Higdon, “Choline”, Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute

^ “Choline, PDRHealth

^ “Choline” (An interview with Steven Zeisel, Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry), Radio National Health Report with Norman Swan, Monday 17 April 2000

^ “” Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998), Institute of Medicine.

^ Bjelland I, Tell GS, Vollset SE, Konstantinova S, Ueland PM, “Choline in anxiety and depression: the Hordaland Health Study.”, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

^ “USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods – 2004″, USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory

^ Hasler C.M. The Changing Face of Functional Foods. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 19, 2000; 499S-506

^ Verhoef, Petra; Stampfer, Meir J; Buring, Julie F; Gaziano, J. Michael; Allen, Robert H; Stabler, Sally P; Reynolds, Robert D; Kok, Frans J; Hennekens, Charles H; Willett, Walter C (1996). “Homocysteine Metabolism and Risk of Myocardial Infarction: Relation with Vitamins B6, B12, and Folate”. American Journal of Epidemiology 143 (9): 845859. 

^ Robert J. Sternberg, “Handbook of intelligence”, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0521596483, 9780521596480, page 77.

^ Caroline Signore, Per Magne Ueland, James Troendle and James L Mills, “Choline concentrations in human maternal and cord blood and intelligence at 5 y of age”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 87, No. 4, 896-902, April 2008 (abstract).

^ Isadora B. Stehlin, Infant Formula: Second Best but Good Enough, U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

^ Steven H. Zeisel (1981). “Dietary Choline: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Pharmacology”. Annual Review of Nutrition 1: 95121. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.000523. 

^ Podo F. (November 1999). “Tumour phospholipid metabolism.”. NMR Biomed 12 (7): 413439. PMID 10654290. 

^ Tolvanen T, Yli-Kerttula T, Ujula T, Autio A, Lehikoinen P, Minn H, Roivainen A. (January 2010). “Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of [(11)C]choline: a comparison between rat and human data.”. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. PMID 20069295. 

^ Behari J, Yeh TH, Krauland L, Otruba W, Cieply B, Hauth B, Apte U, Wu T, Evans R, Monga SP. (December 2009). “Liver-Specific {beta}-Catenin Knockout Mice Exhibit Defective Bile Acid and Cholesterol Homeostasis and Increased Susceptibility to Diet-Induced Steatohepatitis.”. Am J Pathol.. PMID 20019186. 

^ Schroeder MA, Atherton HJ, Ball DR, Cole MA, Heather LC, Griffin JL, Clarke K, Radda GK, Tyler DJ. (January 2010). “The cerebrovascular role of the cholinergic neural system in Alzheimer’s disease.”. Van Beek AH, Claassen JA.. PMID 20060023. 

^ Ongr D, Prescot AP, Jensen JE, Rouse ED, Cohen BM, Renshaw PF, Olson DP. (January 2010). “T2 relaxation time abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.”. Magn Reson Med. 63 (1): 18. PMID 19918902. 

^ Chan KC, So KF, Wu EX. (January 2009). “Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed choline reduction in the visual cortex in an experimental model of chronic glaucoma.”. Exp Eye Res. 88 (1): 6570. PMID 18992243. 

^ Zeisel SH, da Costa KA. (November 2009). “Choline: an essential nutrient for public health.”. Nutr Rev. 67 (11): 615623. PMID 19906248. 

^ Gerald Klatskin M.D. and Willard A. Krehl Ph.D. (1954). “THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE CHOLINE REQUIREMENT : II. INCIDENCE OF RENALNECROSIS iN WEANLING RATS FOLLOWING SHORT TERM INGESTION OF ALCOHOL”. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 100: 615627. http://jem.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/6/615. 

^ Nery FG, Stanley JA, Chen HH, Hatch JP, Nicoletti MA, Serap Monkul E, Lafer B, Soares JC. (October 2009). “Bipolar disorder comorbid with alcoholism: A (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.”. J Psychiatr Res.. PMID 19818454. 

v  d  e

Vitamins (A11)

Fat soluble

A

Retinol  -Carotene  Tretinoin  -Carotene

D

D2 (Ergosterol, Ergocalciferol)   D3 (7-Dehydrocholesterol, Previtamin D3, Cholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), Calcitroic acid)

D4 (Dihydroergocalciferol)   D5   D analogues (Dihydrotachysterol, Calcipotriol, Tacalcitol, Paricalcitol)

E

Tocopherol (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta)  Tocotrienol  Tocofersolan

K

Naphthoquinone  Phylloquinone/K1  Menatetrenone/K2  Menadione/K3

Water soluble

B

B1 (Thiamine)  B2 (Riboflavin)  B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide)  B5 (Pantothenic acid, Dexpanthenol, Pantethine)  B6 (Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal phosphate, Pyridoxamine)

B7 (Biotin)  B9 (Folic acid, Dihydrofolic acid, Folinic acid)  B12 (Cyanocobalamin, Hydroxocobalamin, Methylcobalamin, Cobamamide)   Choline

C

Ascorbic acid   Dehydroascorbic acid

see also: enzyme cofactors, enzymes, Multivitamins

v  d  e

Dietary supplements

Types

Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal Supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) Vitamins

Vitamins and minerals

Retinol (Vitamin A) B vitamins: Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) Pantothenic acid (B5) Pyridoxine (B6) Biotin (B7) Folic acid (B9) Cyanocobalamin (B12) Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) Tocopherol (Vitamin E) Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) Calcium Choline Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc

Other common ingredients

AAKG Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine/Creatine supplements Dietary fiber Echinacea Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Grape seed extract Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Milk thistle Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina St John’s wort Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate

Related articles

Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Metabolife Hadacol Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition

v  d  e

Nootropics

Acetylcholinesterases

Donepezil Galantamine Huperzine A (Huperzia Serrata) Ladostigil Rivastigmine Tacrine

Ampakines

CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 CX-691 CX-717 IDRA-21 LY-404,187 LY-503,430 PEPA Sunifiram Unifiram

Cholinergic Agonists

AR-R17779 Arecoline Ispronicline Nicotine PNU-282,987 SSR-180,711

D1 Agonists

6-Br-APB A-77636 Dihydrexidine Dinapsoline Doxanthrine SKF-81297

Eugeroics

Adrafinil Armodafinil Modafinil

GABAA 5 Inverse Agonists

5IA L-655,708 PWZ-029 Suritozole TB-21007 ZK-93426

H3 Antagonists

A-349,821 ABT-239 Ciproxifan GSK-189,254

Racetams

Aniracetam Brivaracetam Coluracetam Etiracetam Fasoracetam Levetiracetam Nebracetam Nefiracetam Oxiracetam Phenylpiracetam Piracetam Pramiracetam Rolziracetam Seletracetam

Others

Acetylcarnitine Adafenoxate Bifemelane Bilobalide (Ginkgo Biloba) Carbenoxolone Choline (Lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimebolin Dimethylethanolamine Ensaculin Fipexide Idebenone Leteprinim Linopirdine Meclofenoxate Nizofenone Pirisudanol Pyritinol S-17092 Sulbutiamine Taltirelin Tricyanoaminopropene Vinpocetine

v  d  e

Cholinergics

Receptor

Ligands

mAChR

Agonists: 77-LH-28-1 AC-42 AC-260,584 Aceclidine Acetylcholine AF30 AF150(S) AF267B AFDX-384 Alvameline AQRA-741 Arecoline Bethanechol Butyrylcholine Carbachol CDD-0034 CDD-0078 CDD-0097 CDD-0098 CDD-0102 Cevimeline cis-Dioxolane Ethoxysebacylcholine LY-593,039 L-689,660 LY-2,033,298 McNA343 Methacholine Milameline Muscarine NGX-267 Ocvimeline Oxotremorine PD-151,832 Pilocarpine RS86 Sabcomeline SDZ 210-086 Sebacylcholine Suberylcholine Talsaclidine Thiopilocarpine Vedaclidine VU-0029767 VU-0090157 VU-0152099 VU-0152100 VU-0238429 WAY-132,983 Xanomeline YM-796

Antagonists: 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate 4-DAMP Anisodamine Anisodine Atropine Atropine Methonitrate Benactyzine Benzatropine (Benztropine) Benzydamine BIBN 99 Biperiden Bornaprine CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 CS-27349 Cyclobenzaprine Cyclopentolate Darifenacin DAU-5884 Dimethindene Dexetimide DIBD Dicyclomine (Dicycloverine) Ditran EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Elemicin Etanautine Etybenzatropine (Ethylbenztropine) Flavoxate Himbacine HL-031,120 Ipratropium J-104,129 Hyoscyamine Mamba Toxin 3 Mamba Toxin 7 Mazaticol Mebeverine Methoctramine Metixene Myristicin N-Ethyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate N-Methyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate Orphenadrine Otenzepad Oxybutynin PBID PD-102,807 Phenglutarimide Phenyltoloxamine Pirenzepine Piroheptine Procyclidine Profenamine RU-47,213 SCH-57,790 SCH-72,788 SCH-217,443 Scopolamine (Hyoscine) Solifenacin Telenzepine Tiotropium Tolterodine Trihexyphenidyl Tripitamine Tropatepine Tropicamide WIN-2299 Zamifenacin; Others: 1st Generation Antihistamines (Brompheniramine Chlorpheniramine, Cyclizine, Cyproheptadine, Dimenhydrinate, Diphenhydramine, Doxylamine, Hydroxyzine, Meclizine, Mepyramine/Pyrilamine, Phenindamine, Pheniramine, Tripelennamine, Triprolidine, etc) Tricyclic Antidepressants (Amitriptyline, Doxepin, Trimipramine, etc) Tetracyclic Antidepressants (Amoxapine, Maprotiline, etc) Typical Antipsychotics (Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, etc) Atypical Antipsychotics (Clozapine, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, etc)

nAChR

Agonists: 5-HIAA A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT-202 ABT-418 ABT-560 ABT-894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine AR-R17779 Butyrylcholine Carbachol Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP-4473 EVP-6124 Galantamine GTS-21 Ispronicline Lobeline MEM-63,908 (RG-3487) Nicotine NS-1738 PHA-543,613 PHA-709,829 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Rivanicline Sazetidine A Sebacylcholine SIB-1508Y SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 Suberylcholine TC-1698 TC-1734 TC-1827 TC-2216 TC-5214 TC-5619 TC-6683 Tebanicline Tropisetron UB-165 Varenicline XY-4083

Antagonists: 18-Methoxycoronaridine -Bungarotoxin -Conotoxin Alcuronium Anatruxonium Atracurium Bupropion (Amfebutamone) Chandonium Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Dacuronium Decamethonium Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHE Dimethyltubocurarine (Metocurine) Dipyrandium Dizocilpine (MK-801) Doxacurium Duador Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Hexafluronium Hexamethonium (Benzohexonium) Ibogaine Ketamine Kynurenic Acid Levacetylmethadol Malouetine Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan (Racemethorphan) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol (Racemorphanol) Neramexane Pancuronium Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium Radafaxine Rapacuronium Rocuronium Surugatoxin Suxamethonium (Succinylcholine) Toxiferine Trimethaphan Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vecuronium

Reuptake

Inhibitors

Plasmalemmal

CHT Inhibitors

Hemicholinium-3 (Hemicholine)

Vesicular

VAChT Inhibitors

Vesamicol

Enzyme

Inhibitors

Anabolism

ChAT Inhibitors

1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium 2-(-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium 3-Chloro-4-stillbazole 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine Acetylseco Hemicholinium-3 Acryloylcholine AF64A B115 BETA CM-54,903 N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate

Catabolism

AChE Inhibitors

Reversible: Carbamates: Aldicarb Bendiocarb Bufencarb Carbaryl Carbendazim Carbetamide Carbofuran Chlorbufam Chloropropham Ethienocarb Ethiofencarb Fenobucarb Fenoxycarb Formetanate Furadan Ladostigil Methiocarb Methomyl Miotine Oxamyl Phenmedipham Pinmicarb Pirimicarb Propamocarb Propham Propoxur; Stigmines: Ganstigmine Neostigmine Phenserine Physostigmine Pyridostigmine Rivastigmine; Others: Ambenonium Donepezil Edrophonium Galantamine Huperzine A (Huperzia Serrata) Minaprine Tacrine Zanapezil

Irreversible: Organophosphates: Acephate Azinphos-Methyl Bensulide Cadusafos Chlorethoxyfos Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-Methyl Coumaphos Cyclosarin (GF) Demeton Demeton-S-Methyl Diazinon Dichlorvos Dicrotophos Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate (Guthion) Diisopropylphosphate Dimethoate Dioxathion Disulfoton EA-3148 Echothiophate Ethion Ethoprop Fenamiphos Fenitrothion Fenthion Fosthiazate GV Isofluorophate Isoxathion Malaoxon Malathion Methamidophos Methidathion Metrifonate Mevinphos Monocrotophos Naled Novichok Agent Omethoate Oxydemeton-Methyl Paraoxon Parathion Parathion-Methyl Phorate Phosalone Phosmet Phostebupirim Phoxim Pirimiphos-Methyl Sarin (GB) Soman (GD) Tabun (GA) Temefos Terbufos Tetrachlorvinphos Tribufos Trichlorfon VE VG VM VR VX; Others: Demecarium Onchidal (Onchidella Binneyi)

BChE Inhibitors

Many of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors listed above act as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Others

Precursors

Choline (Lecithin) Citicoline Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine

Cofactors

Acetic Acid Acetyl-L-Carnitine Acetyl-Coenzyme A Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid, Pantethine, Pantetheine, Panthenol)

Others

Acetylcholine Releasing Agents: -Latrotoxin -Bungarotoxin; Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors: Botulinum Toxin (Botox); Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators: Pralidoxime obidoxime

External links

Choline

Categories: Alcohols | Quaternary ammonium compounds | Dietary supplements | Nutrition | VitaminsHidden categories: Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 | Articles needing more detailed references

Read more on Choline…