If you are pondering over this question, “how to get back with my ex girlfriend” please understand that this is a very delicate situation. Feelings may be badly hurt on both ends and anything that you may do now or not do may cause even more hurt.
Read more on How to Get Back With My Ex Girlfriend – 5 Steps That Will Not Fail You…
The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.
Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…
The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.
Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…
There are times when your relationship suddenly falls apart and either one or both of you may doubt whether it is all over especially if the relationship is new. Some men simply cannot reconcile to the fact that their girlfriend dumped them and so they hope to get back with their girlfriend again. If you are asking, “How can I get back together with my ex girlfriend”, it is important to plan your moves ahead.
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Relationships are delicate and need to be nurtured with loving dedication to make them grow strong. Sadly, everything is not as rosy as we would like it to be. When relationships are broken, they drain us of all our emotions, feelings, ability to think clearly and in acute cases, even our physical well being.
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Have you just gone through a break up? Are you thinking how to get an ex back? Many people experience some sort of a break up but most of them just concentrate on moving on rather than searching for a way to get an ex back. If you are not a part of that league and you want to work towards how to get an ex back, then here are some tips for you. Does a break up mean that there are no chances of getting back together with your ex?
Read more on How To Get An Ex Back – Know What You Are Doing…
During the recent African Union summit, the African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA) gathered to discuss how to combat the threat of malaria in the continent. Inspired by this meeting, Madiké Seye, Vice-President for Africa – GlaxoSmithKline wrote a guest article on the Independent’s website calling for “new tools, such as a malaria vaccine, which could complement existing interventions.”
Read more on Partnerships Ensure Continued Progress on Malaria Vaccine…
As we get older, joint pain becomes more of an issue. This can mainly be due to the thinning of the cartilage and as a result arthitis begins to take a hold. Sure enough, we crave natural joint pain relief and strive to find that perfect solution that will allow us to carry on with our lives pain free. Below are some strategies to bring you that desired pain relief.
History
Main article: History of Darjeeling
The history of Darjeeling is intertwined with that of Bengal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal. Until the early 19th century, the hilly area around Darjeeling was historically controlled by the kingdoms of Bhutan and Sikkim, while the plains around Siliguri were intermittently occupied by the kingdom of Nepal, with settlement consisting of a few households of Lepcha people. In 1828, a delegation of British East India Company officials on its way to Sikkim stayed in Darjeeling and decided that the region was a suitable site for a sanatorium for British soldiers. The Company negotiated a lease of the area west of the Mahananda River from the Chogyal of Sikkim in 1835. In 1849 British East India Company (BEIC) director Arthur Campbell and the explorer and botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker were imprisoned in the region; the East India Company sent a force to free them. Continued friction between the BEIC and the Sikkim authorities resulted in the annexation of 640 square miles (1,700 km2) of territory in 1850. In 1864, the Bhutanese rulers and the British signed a treaty that ceded the passes leading through the hills and Kalimpong to the British. The continuing discord between Sikkim and the British resulted in a war, culminating in the signing of a treaty and the annexation by the British of the area east of the Teesta River in 1865. By 1866, Darjeeling District had assumed its current shape and size, covering an area of 1,234 square miles (3,200 km2).
During the British Raj, Darjeeling’s temperate climate led to its development as a hill station for British residents seeking to escape the summer heat of the plains, and its becoming the informal summer capital of the Bengal Presidency in 1840, a practice that was formalised after 1864.
Darjeeling view, 1880
The development of Darjeeling as a sanatorium and health resort proceeded briskly. Arthur Campbell, a surgeon with the Company, and Lieutenant Robert Napier were responsible for establishing a hill station there. Campbell’s efforts to develop the station, attract immigrants to cultivate the slopes and stimulate trade resulted in a hundredfold increase in the population of Darjeeling between 1835 and 1849. The first road connecting the town with the plains was constructed between 1839 and 1842. In 1848, a military depot was set up for British soldiers, and the town became a municipality in 1850. Commercial cultivation of tea in the district began in 1856, and induced a number of British planters to settle there. Scottish missionaries undertook the construction of schools and welfare centres for the British residents, laying the foundation for Darjeeling’s notability as a centre of education. The opening of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in 1881 further hastened the development of the region. In 1899, Darjeeling was rocked by major landslides that caused severe damage to the town and the native population.
Darjeeling War Memorial
Under British rule, the Darjeeling area was initially a Non-Regulation District, a scheme of administration applicable to economically less advanced districts in the British Raj, and acts and regulations of the British Raj did not automatically apply to the district in line with rest of the country. In 1919, the area was declared a “backward tract”. During the Indian independence movement, the Non-cooperation Movement spread through the tea estates of Darjeeling. There was also a failed assassination attempt by revolutionaries on Sir John Anderson, the Governor of Bengal in 1934. Subsequently, during the 1940s, Communist activists continued the nationalist movement against the British by mobilising the plantation workers and the peasants of the district.
A woman selling vegetables at a market in Darjeeling
Socio-economic problems of the region that had not been addressed during British rule continued to linger and were reflected in a representation made to the Constituent Assembly of India in 1947, which highlighted the issues of regional autonomy and Nepali nationality in Darjeeling and adjacent areas. After the independence of India in 1947, Darjeeling was merged with the state of West Bengal. A separate district of Darjeeling was established consisting of the hill towns of Darjeeling, Kurseong, Kalimpong and some parts of the Terai region. While the hill population included mainly of ethnic Nepalis who had migrated there during British rule, the plains harboured a large ethnic Bengali population who were refugees from the Partition of India. A cautious and non-receptive response by the West Bengal government to most demands of the ethnic Nepali population led to increased calls, in the 1950s and 1960s, for Darjeeling’s autonomy and for the recognition of the Nepali language; the state government acceded to the latter demand in 1961.
The creation of a new state of Sikkim in 1975, along with the reluctance of the Government of India to recognise Nepali as an official language under the Constitution of India, brought the issue of a separate state of Gorkhaland to the forefront. Agitation for a separate state continued through the 1980s, included violent protests during the 198688 period. The agitation ceased only after an agreement between the government and the Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF), resulting in the establishment of an elected body in 1988 called the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC), which received autonomy to govern the district. Though Darjeeling is now peaceful, the issue of a separate state still lingers, fueled in part by the lack of comprehensive economic development in the region even after the formation of the DGHC. New protests erupted in 200809, but both the Union and State governments rejected Gorkha Janmukti Morcha’s demand for a separate state.
Geography
Mount Kanchenjunga and Darjeeling seen from Tiger Hill
Darjeeling is the main town of the Sadar subdivision and also the headquarters of the district. It is located at an average elevation of 6,710 ft (2,050 m) in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region on the Darjeeling-Jalapahar range that originates in the south from Ghum. The range is Y-shaped with the base resting at Katapahar and Jalapahar and two arms diverging north of the Observatory Hill. The north-eastern arm dips suddenly and ends in the Lebong spur, while the north-western arm passes through North Point and ends in the valley near Tukver Tea Estate. The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance. Kanchenjunga, the world’s third-highest peak, 8,598 m (28,210 ft) high, is the most prominent mountain visible. In days clear of clouds, Nepal’s Mount Everest, 29,035 ft (8,850 m) high, can be seen.
The hills of Darjeeling are part of the Mahabharat Range or Lesser Himalaya. The soil is chiefly composed of sandstone and conglomerate formations, which are the solidified and upheaved detritus of the great range of Himalaya. However, the soil is often poorly consolidated (the permeable sediments of the region do not retain water between rains) and is not considered suitable for agriculture. The area has steep slopes and loose topsoil, leading to frequent landslides during the monsoons. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone-IV, (on a scale of I to V, in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes) near the convergent boundary of the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates and is subject to frequent earthquakes.
Flora and Fauna
Mount Kanchanjangha as viewed from Darjeeling
Darjeeling is a part of the Eastern Himalayan zoo-geographic zone. Flora around Darjeeling comprises sal, oak, semi-evergreen, temperate and alpine forests. Dense evergreen forests of sal and oak lie around the town, where a wide variety of rare orchids are found. The Lloyd’s Botanical Garden preserves common and rare species of plants, while the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park specialises in conserving and breeding endangered Himalayan species. The town of Darjeeling and surrounding region face deforestation due to increasing demand for wood fuel and timber, as well as air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic.
Wildlife in the district is protected by the wildlife wing of the West Bengal Forest Department. The fauna found in Darjeeling includes several species of ducks, teals, plovers and gulls that pass Darjeeling while migrating to and from Tibet. Small mammals found in the region include civets, mongooses and badgers. The nearby Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary consists of semi-evergreen and sal forests. Animals found here include the one-horned rhinoceros, elephant, tiger, leopard and hog deer, while the main bird species include the Bengal florican and herons. As of 2009[update], work was in progress for setting up a conservation centre for red pandas in Darjeeling.
Climate
A Darjeeling street during heavy rain
Darjeeling’s temperate climate has five distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter, and the monsoons. The annual mean maximum temperature is 14.9 C (58.8 F) while the mean minimum temperature is 8.9 C (48.0 F), with monthly mean temperatures range from 517 C (4163 F). The lowest temperature recorded was 5 C (23.0 F) on 11 February 1905. The average annual precipitation is 309.2 cm (121.7 in), with an average of 126 days of rain in a year. The highest rainfall occurs in July. The heavy and concentrated rainfall that is experienced in the region, aggravated by deforestation and haphazard planning, often causes devastating landslides, leading to loss of life and property. In recent years, global warming has had adverse effects on Darjeeling’s climate, resulting in periods of drought followed by floods, and an increasing incidence of pest attacks on tea plantations.
Civic administration
The GNLF flag
The Darjeeling urban agglomeration consists of Darjeeling Municipality and the Pattabong Tea Garden. Established in 1850, the Darjeeling municipality maintains the civic administration of the town, covering an area of 10.57 km2 (4.08 sq mi). The municipality consists of a board of councillors elected from each of the 32 wards of Darjeeling town as well as a few members nominated by the state government. The board of councillors elects a chairman from among its elected members; the chairman is the executive head of the municipality. The Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) holds power in the municipality as of 2010[update].
The Gorkha-dominated hill areas of the whole Darjeeling district is under the jurisdiction of the Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council since its formation in 1988. The DGHC’s elected councillors are authorised to manage certain affairs of the hills, including education, health and tourism. Law and order in Darjeeling town comes under the jurisdiction of the district police force, which is a part of the West Bengal Police; a Deputy Superintendent of Police oversees the town’s security and law affairs. Darjeeling municipality area has two police stations at Darjeeling and Jorebungalow.
Utilities
Natural springs in the Senchal Range provide most of Darjeeling’s water supply. Water collected is routed through stone conduits to two lakes that were constructed in 1910 and 1932, from where it is piped to the town after purification at the Jorebungalow filtration plant. During the dry season, when water supplied by springs is insufficient, water is pumped from Khong Khola, a nearby small perennial stream. There is a steadily widening gap between water supply and demand; just over 50% of the town’s households are connected to the municipal water supply system. Various efforts made to augment the water supply, including the construction of a third storage reservoir in 1984, have failed to yield desired results.
The town has an underground sewage system, covering about 40% of the town area, that collects domestic waste and conveys it to septic tanks for disposal. Solid waste is disposed of in a nearby dumping ground, which also houses the town’s crematorium. Doorstep collection of garbage and segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste have been implemented since 2003. Vermicomposting of vegetable waste is carried out with the help of non-governmental organisations. In June 2009, in order to reduce waste, the municipality proposed the ban of plastic carry bags and sachets in the town.
Electricity is supplied by the West Bengal State Electricity Board, and the West Bengal Fire Service provides emergency services for the town. The town often suffers from power outages and the electrical supply voltage is unstable, making voltage stabilisers popular with many households. Almost all of the primary schools are now maintained by Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council. The total length of all types of roads within the municipal area is around 134 km (83 mi).
Economy
A tea plantation in Darjeeling
The two most significant contributors to Darjeeling’s economy are tourism and the tea industry. Darjeeling tea, due to the unique agro-climatic conditions of Darjeeling, has a distinctive natural flavour, is internationally reputed and recognised as a geographical indicator. Darjeeling produces 7% of India’s tea output, approximately 9,000,000 kilograms (20,000,000 lb) every year. The tea industry has faced competition in recent years from tea produced in other parts of India as well as other countries like Nepal. Widespread concerns about labour disputes, worker layoffs and closing of estates have affected investment and production. Several tea estates are being run on a workers’ cooperative model, while others are being planned for conversion into tourist resorts. More than 60% of workers in the tea gardens are women. Besides tea, the most widely cultivated crops include maize, millets, paddy, cardamom, potato and ginger.
Darjeeling had become an important tourist destination as early as 1860. It is reported to be the only location in eastern India that witnesses large numbers of foreign tourists. It is also a popular filming destination for Bollywood and Bengali cinema. Satyajit Ray shot his film Kanchenjungha (1962) here, and his Feluda series story, Darjeeling Jomjomaat was also set in the town. Bollywood movies Aradhana (1969), and more recently Main Hoon Na (2004) have been filmed here. Tourist inflow into Darjeeling has been affected by the political instability in the region, and agitations in the 1980s and 2000s have hit the tourism industry hard.
Transport
Main article: Transport in Darjeeling
The “Toy Train” approaching Darjeeling
Darjeeling can be reached by the 88 km (55 mi) long Darjeeling Himalayan Railway from New Jalpaiguri, or by National Highway 55, also known as the Tenzing Norgay Road, from Siliguri, 80 km (50 mi) away. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is a 60 cm (24 in) narrow-gauge railway that was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999 for being “an outstanding example of the influence of an innovative transportation system on the social and economic development of a multi-cultural region, which was to serve as a model for similar developments in many parts of the world”, becoming only the second railway in the world to have this honour. Regular bus services and hired vehicles connect Darjeeling with Siliguri and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong and Kalimpong. However, road and railway communications often get disrupted in the monsoons because of landslides. The nearest airport is in Bagdogra, located about 88 km (55 mi) from Darjeeling, and is connected by air with all metropolitan cities in India. Within the town, people usually traverse by walking. Residents also use bicycles, two-wheelers and hired taxis for travelling short distances. The Darjeeling Ropeway, functional since 1968, was closed in 2003 after an accident killed four tourists. It was proposed to be reopened in 2007, but remained closed as of November 2009[update] due to absence of patronage as a result of the development of the road network in the region.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Darjeeling
According to the 2001 census, the Darjeeling urban agglomeration, with an area of 12.77 km2 (4.93 sq mi) has a population of 109,163, while the municipal area has a population of 107,530. The population density of the municipal area is 10,173 per km2. The sex ratio is 1,017 females per 1,000 males, which is higher than the national average of 933 females per 1000 males. The three largest religions are Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity, in that order. The majority of the populace are Gorkhas of ethnic Nepali background. Indigenous ethnic groups include the Limbu, Rai, Tamangs, Lepchas, Bhutias, Sherpas and Newars. Other communities that inhabit Darjeeling include the Marwaris, Anglo-Indians, Chinese, Biharis, Tibetans and Bengali. The most commonly spoken languages are Nepali, Hindi, Bengali and English.
Darjeeling has seen a significant growth in its population, its decadal growth rate being 47% between 1991 and 2001. The colonial town had been designed for a population of only 10,000, and subsequent growth has created extensive infrastructural and environmental problems. The district’s forests and other natural wealth have been adversely affected by an ever-growing population. Environmental degradation, including denudation of the surrounding hills has adversely affected Darjeeling’s appeal as a tourist destination.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Darjeeling
Colourful flags with Buddhist text around a Hindu temple.
Apart from the major religious festivals of Diwali, Christmas and Dussera, the diverse ethnic populace of the town celebrates several local festivals. The Lepchas and Bhutias celebrate new year in January, while Tibetans celebrate their new year, Losar, in Februaryarch. The birthday of the Dalai Lama is celebrated in mid-June with processions. Darjeeling Carnival, initiated by a civil society movement known as The Darjeeling Initiative, is a ten day carnival held every year during the winter with portrayal of the Darjeeling Hill’s musical and cultural heritage as its central theme.
A popular food in Darjeeling is the Tibetan momo, a steamed dumpling containing meat cooked in a doughy wrapping and served with clear soup and achar. A form of Tibetan noodle called thukpa, served in soup form is also popular. Other commonly eaten dishes include aloo dum, a potato preparation, and shaphalay, Tibetan bread stuffed with meat. Fermented foods and beverages are consumed by a large percentage of the population. Fermented foods include preparations of soyabean, bamboo shoots, milk and Shol roti, which is made from rice. Tea is the most popular beverage, and is usually drunk in the Tibetan version. Alcoholic beverages include Tongba, Jnaard and Chhaang, variations of a local beer made from fermenting finger millet.
Tibetan Refugee Self Help Center
Colonial architecture characterises many buildings in Darjeeling, exemplified by several mock Tudor residences, Gothic churches, the Raj Bhawan, Planters’ Club and various educational institutions. Buddhist monasteries showcase the pagoda style architecture. Darjeeling is regarded as a centre of music and a niche for musicians and music admirers. Singing and playing musical instruments is a common pastime among the resident population, who take pride in the traditions and role of music in cultural life.
Education
There are 52 primary schools, 21 high schools and two colleges in the town. Darjeeling’s schools are either run by the state government or by private and religious organisations. Schools mainly use English and Nepali as their media of instruction, although there is option to learn the national language Hindi and the official state language Bengali. The schools are either affiliated with the ICSE, the CBSE, or the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education. Having been a summer retreat for the British in India, Darjeeling became the place of choice for the establishment of public schools on the model of Eton, Harrow and Rugby, allowing the children of British officials to obtain an exclusive education. Institutions such as St. Joseph’s College (School Dept.), Loreto Convent, St. Paul’s School and Mount Hermon School are renowned as centres of educational excellence. Darjeeling hosts five collegest. Joseph’s College, Loreto College, Darjeeling Government College, Bijanbari College and Sri Ramakrishna B.T. Collegell affiliated to University of North Bengal in Siliguri.
Notes
^ a b c d e “District Profile”. Official Webpage of Darjeeling District. http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
^ a b Srivastava 2003, p. 4024
^ Dasgupta 1999, pp. 4748
^ a b c Dasgupta 1999, p. 51
^ a b Dasgupta 1999, p. 50
^ Lamb 1986, p. 69
^ Dasgupta 1999, p. 47
^ a b c “History of Darjeeling”. Official webpage of Darjeeling District. http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-hist.html. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
^ Dasgupta 1999, p. 48
^ Palit 2006, p. 16
^ Kenny 1995, p. 700
^ a b c d Lamb 1986, p. 71
^ a b “Mountain Railways of India”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
^ Gerard 1990, p. 258
^ Sanjoy Borbara (2003). “Autonomy for Darjeeling: History and Practice”. Experiences on Autonomy in East and North East: A Report on the Third Civil Society Dialogue on Human Rights and Peace. Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group. http://www.mcrg.ac.in/civilsocietydialogue3.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
^ Dasgupta 1999, p. 60
^ “Darjeeling Hills plunges into the Independence Movement”. Official webpage of Darjeeling district. http://darjeeling.gov.in/independence.html. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
^ a b Dasgupta 1999, p. 61
^ Dasgupta 1999, p. 55
^ Dasgupta 1999, pp. 6162
^ Dasgupta 1999, p. 62
^ Dasgupta 1999, pp. 6364
^ Dasgupta 1999, p. 65
^ a b c d Sujoy Dhar (2009-07-14). “Darjeeling protests hit tea and tourism”. Livemint. http://www.livemint.com/2009/07/14124608/Darjeeling-protests-hit-tea-an.html. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
^ a b c Vimal Khawas (2003). “Urban Management in Darjeeling Himalaya: A Case Study of Darjeeling Municipality.”. The Mountain Forum. http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/khawv03e.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-01. Now available in the Internet Archive in this URL . Retrieved 7 June 2006.
^ a b “Darjeeling”. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028781. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
^ a b c Negi 1992, p. 185
^ Negi 1992, pp. 2829
^ “Himalayan Tahrs, Blue sheep for Darjeeling Zoo arrive from Japan”. The Hindu. 2009-10-29. http://www.thehindu.com/2009/10/29/stories/2009102957821300.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
^ a b TERI (2001). “Sustainable Development in the Darjeeling Hill Area” (PDF). Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi. (TERI Project No.2000UT64). p. 20. http://static.teriin.org/reports/rep17/rep17.pdf. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
^ Mackintosh 2009, p. 2
^ Negi 1992, pp. 4348
^ Mohana Dam (2009-07-06). “New centres to help endangered panda and dolphin thrive”. The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/new-centres-to-help-endangered-panda-and-dolphin-thrive/485586/. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
^ a b “Weatherbase entry for Darjeeling”. Canty and Associates LLC. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=422950&refer==&units=metric. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
^ Sarkar 1999, p. 299
^ Malabi Gupta (2009-11-26). “Brewtal climate: Droughts, storms cracking Darjeeling teacup”. Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/special-news-report/News-Feed/Brewtal-climate-Droughts-storms-cracking-Darjeeling-s-teacup/Article1-480534.aspx. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
^ a b c d e f “Table-4 Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001″. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. 2003. Archived from the original on 2005-08-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20050827091947/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/FrameTable4_1.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
^ “Table-3 District Wise List of Statutory Towns (Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area and Cantonment Board), Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001″. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. 2003. http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
^ a b “Water Supply”. Official webpage of Darjeeling Municipality. http://www.darjeelingmunicipality.com/water.html. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
^ a b c “General Information”. Official webpage of Darjeeling Municipality. http://www.darjeelingmunicipality.com/general.html. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
^ Aftab 2005, p. 186
^ Aftab 2005, p. 187
^ Mohana Dam (2009-06-11). “Darjeeling to ban plastic altogether”. The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/darjeeling-to-ban-plastic-altogether/474728/. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
^ “Roads”. Official webpage of Darjeeling Municipality. http://www.darjeelingmunicipality.com/roads.html. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
^ “Darjeeling tea growers at risk”. BBC News. 2001-07-27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1456988.stm. Retrieved 2006-05-08.
^ a b Daniel B. Haber (2004-01-14). “Economy-India: Famed Darjeeling Tea Growers Eye Tourism for Survival”. Inter Press Service News Agency. http://www.ipsnews.net/africa/interna.asp?idnews=21909. Retrieved 2006-05-08.
^ “Agriculture”. Official webpage of Darjeeling District. http://darjeeling.gov.in/agriculture.html. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
^ a b Sudha Mahalingam (March 2001). “Darjeeling: Where the journey is the destination”. Outlook Traveller. Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited. Archived from the original on 2007-04-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20070415015159/http://www.outlooktraveller.com/aspscripts/travelogue.asp?dest=Darjeeling. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
^ “Darjeeling Toy Train”. Theme India: Train Tourism in India. IndiaLine. http://www.indialine.com/travel/trains/darjeeling-toy-train.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ Dasgupta 1999, p. 66
^ a b c “Reaching Your Destination”. Official webpage of Darjeeling District. http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/track.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
^ “Darjeeling Himalayan Railway”. World Heritage Committee: Report of the 23rd Session, Marrakesh, 1999. UNESCO. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom99.htm#944. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
^ “Darjeeling ropeway mishap kills four”. The Statesman. 2003-10-20. http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=53912&usrsess=1. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
^ Soma Mookerjee (2007-06-22). “Darjeeling Ropeway to open again”. The Statesman. http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=187778&usrsess=1. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
^ Mohan Prasad (2009-11-30). “Time, neglect apply brakes on ropeways”. The Statesman. http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=10&id=309369&usrsess=1. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ “India at a Glance: Sex Ratio”. Census of India, 2001. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/fsex.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
^ “Basic data sheet, District Darjiling”. Census of India, 2001. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Dist_File/datasheet-1901.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
^ a b c d e “People And Culture”. Official webpage of Darjeeling District. http://darjeeling.gov.in/people.html. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
^ S.S. Chattopadhyay (December 2003). “The spirit of Darjeeling”. Frontline 20 (25). http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219000306600.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
^ Tamang 1988, p. 376
^ Tamang 1988, p. 375
^ Tamang 1988, p. 382
^ H. . Jaschke (1881 (Reprint 1987)). A Tibetan-English Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. p. 341. ISBN 8120803213.
^ D.P. Rasaily , R.P. Lama. “The Nature-centric Culture of the Nepalese”. The Cultural Dimension of Ecology. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi. http://ignca.nic.in/cd_07011.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
^ Vinay Lal. “”Hill Stations: Pinnacles of the Raj.” Review article on Dale Kennedy, The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj”. UCLA Social Sciences Computing. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/HillStations.html. Retrieved 2001-07-30.
^ “Educational Institutes”. Official webpage of Darjeeling district. http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/edu-institute.html. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
References
Aftab, Aaris (2005), Are the Third World cities sustainable?, Allied Publishers, pp. 201, ISBN 9788177648690, http://books.google.co.in/books?id=R1HV6aoINaQC
Bhattacharya, Anima (1995), Planning in the Perspective of Development, M.D. Publications, pp. 231, ISBN 9788185880624, http://books.google.com/books?id=Znwg_xDfx80C
Dasgupta, Atis (1999), “Ethnic Problems and Movements for Autonomy in Darjeeling”, Social Scientist 27 (1112): 4768, JSTOR 3518047
Froehlich, W. (1990), “Thresholds in the Transformation of Slopes and River Channels in the Darjeeling Himalaya, India”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 10 (4): 301312, JSTOR 3673492
Gerard, John (1990), Mountain environments: an examination of the physical geography of mountains, MIT Press, pp. 317, ISBN 0262071282
Kenny, Judith (1995), “Climate, Race, and Imperial Authority: The Symbolic Landscape of the British Hill Station in India”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85 (4): 694714, JSTOR 2564433
Lamb, Alastair (1986), British India and Tibet, 17661910 (2nd ed.), Taylor & Francis, pp. 353, ISBN 9780710208729, http://books.google.com/books?id=MY4OAAAAQAAJ&
Mackintosh, L.J. (2009), Birds of Darjeeling and India (2nd ed.), BiblioBazaar, LLC, pp. 322, ISBN 9781116113969, http://books.google.com/books?id=xY6nB640PKkC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Negi, Sharad Singh (1992), Himalayan wildlife, habitat and conservation, Indus Publishing, pp. 207, ISBN 9788185182681, http://books.google.com/books?id=W88pkms1dXEC
Palit, Chittabrata (2006), Scientific Bengal: science, technology, medicine, and environment under the Raj, Gyan Books, pp. 270, ISBN 9788178354965, http://books.google.co.in/books?id=YmmBZwI8RTYC
Sarkar, S. (1999), “Landslides in Darjeeling Himalayas, India”, Transactions of the Japanese Geomorphological Union 20 (3): 299315, ISSN 03891755
Srivastava, Suresh C. (2003), “Geographical Indications and Legal Framework in India”, Economic and Political Weekly 38 (38): 40224033, JSTOR 4414050
Subba, Tanka Bahadur (2009), Indian Nepalis: issues and perspectives, Concept Publishing Company, pp. 398, ISBN 9788180694462, http://books.google.com/books?id=rBDcenRzHJAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false
Tamang, Jyoti; Sarkar, Prabir (1988), “Traditional Fermented Foods and Beverages of Darjeeling”, Journal of the science of food and agriculture 44 (4): 375385, http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/23778/1/IND88052735.pdf
Waterhouse, David M. (2004), The origins of Himalayan studies: Brian Houghton Hodgson in Nepal and Darjeeling, 18201858, Routledge, pp. 280, ISBN 9780415312158, http://books.google.com/books?id=_rhgqGA2nKoC&
Further reading
Bradnock, R; Bradnock, R (2004), Footprint India Handbook (13th ed.), Footprint Handbooks, ISBN 1904777007
Brown, Percy (1917), Tours in Sikhim and the Darjeeling District (3rd (1934) ed.), Calcutta: W. Newman & Co., pp. 223, ISBN ASIN: B0008B2MIY
Kennedy, Dane (1996), Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj, University of California Press, pp. 265, ISBN 0520201884
Lee, Ada (1971), The Darjeeling disaster: Triumph through sorrow: the triumph of the six Lee children, Lee Memorial Mission, ISBN ASIN: B0007AUX00
Newman’s Guide to Darjeeling and Its Surroundings, Historical & Descriptive, with Some Account of the Manners and Customs of the Neighbouring Hill Tribes, and a Chapter on Thibet and the Thibetans, W. Newman and Co., 1900
Ronaldshay, The Earl of (1923), Lands of the Thunderbolt. Sikhim, Chumbi & Bhutan, London: Constable & Co., ISBN 81-206-1504-2 (Reprint)
Roy, Barun (2003), Fallen Cicada (2003 ed.), Beacon Publication, pp. 223, ISBN 0732193121X
Saraswati, Baidyanath (Ed) (1998), Cultural Dimension of Ecology, DK Print World Pvt. Ltd, India, ISBN 812460102X
Singh, S (2005), Lonely Planet India (11th ed.), Lonely Planet Publications, ISBN 1740596943
Waddell, L.A. (2004), Among the Himalayas, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 076618918X
External links
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History and Government
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Geography
Kanchenjunga, Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary, Katapahar, Jalapahar, Observatory Hill, Siwalik Hills, Tiger Hill, Darjeeling Sadar, Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary, Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Manebhanjang, Sandakfu, Falut, Rock Garden, Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary, Singalila National Park
Education
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Cities and towns in Darjeeling District
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Algarah Gorubathan Kalimpong Lava Loleygaon Melli Pedong
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Darjeeling related topics People from Darjeeling district Bagdogra Airport
Cities and towns
in other districts
Bankura Bardhaman Birbhum Cooch Behar Dakshin Dinajpur Hooghly Howrah Jalpaiguri Malda Murshidabad Nadia North 24 Parganas Paschim Medinipur Purba Medinipur Purulia South 24 Parganas Uttar Dinajpur
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Categories: Cities and towns in Darjeeling district | Indian hill stations | Darjeeling | Railway stations in West Bengal | Assembly constituencies in West BengalHidden categories: Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 | All articles containing potentially dated statements | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 | Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2009 | Featured articles
www.kodokan.org/
Kodokan (, Kdkan?), or the Kodokan Institute, is the headquarters of the worldwide judo community. Literally, k means “to lecture” or “to spread information,” d means “the way,” and kan is “a public building or hall,” together translating roughly as “a place for the study or promotion of the way.” The Kodokan was founded in 1882 by Kan Jigor, the founder of judo, and is now located in an eight-story building in Tokyo, Japan.
Contents
1 Function
2 Building
3 Research floor
4 Living in the Kodokan
5 Visiting the Kodokan
6 Main floor
7 Attire
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
//
Function
The Kodokan Institute main entrance
The Kodokan Institute offers classes for those who want to master judo. The program is authorized as a non-regular school by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Its courses include the theories and practice of judo, and matters of general education. The course is divided into two parts: a general course for novices, and special courses for those who have completed the general course or its equivalent.
The Kodokan also issues ranks, and many judoka (practitioners of judo) around the world become Kodokan members and have their ranks registered with the Kodokan.
The Institute was founded with only nine disciples. The growth of judo in its early years is demonstrated by the growth of the Kodokan itself:
12 mats – May 1882, at the Eishji, a Buddhist temple in Kamakura
10 mats – February 1883, at Jimbch, Kanda
20 mats – September 1883, at Shihan’s house, Kjimachi
40 mats – Spring 1887, at Shinagawa’s house, Kjimachi
60 mats – April 1890, at Hong-ku, Masaga-ch
107 mats – February 1894, at Koishikawa-ch, Shimotomisaka-ch
207 mats – November 1897, at Koishikawa, Shimotomisaka-ch
314 mats – January 1898, at tsuka Sakashita-ch
514 mats – December 1919, at 1-chome Kasuga-ch, Bunky-ku
986 mats – March 1958, at 2-chome, Kasuga-ch, Bunky-ku
Today, the Kodokan has 1,206 mats across the five main dojo (training halls)ain, School, International, Women’s, and Boys’lus a special dojo for retired judoka and special technique study purposes.
Building
Ex-President of Russia Vladimir Putin on a tatami at the Kodokan Institute on September 5, 2003.
There are eight floors and a basement to the Kodokan dojo, each serving purposes for housing, training, and research by judoka. The basement holds the cafeteria and some conference rooms. The first floor has parking, a bank, and a store. The second floor contains a library and more conference rooms. The third floor is for judoka and visitors who are living in the dojo. The fourth floor contains dressing rooms. The fifth, sixth, and seventh floors are all used for training space (the seventh floor is called the Main Dojo), and the eighth floor is for spectators and has seats that look down into the main space of the seventh floor.
Research floor
The Kano Memorial Hall, Historical hall, exhibition room, and material stock room are located on the second floor. The halls contain posters of the development of judo, as well as information on some of the great masters of the system, written documents, photographs, and other information on the life of Kano and the people he met through his travels. The extensive library on the second floor holds over 7,000 books pertaining to judo, and is planned to be increased eventually.
There are four research laboratories on the second floor:
1st Lab : Theoretical and historical study of judo.
2nd Lab : Psychological study of judo.
3rd Lab : Technical analysis of judo. Research on the physical strength of judo players.
4th Lab : Physiological study of judo.
The research staff use fundamental and applied science to work with foreign researchers. Research is displayed to the public and free of charge to view once during the year.
Living in the Kodokan
Judoka visiting and training in the Kodokan can take lodging in the Third Floor. There are five rooms for use during training camps; these rooms can hold 20 people each. Judo sensei and players (when no camp is in session) may live in suites for either one or two people; these suites have their own baths and showers.
The lodging fees are as follows:
Room for training camps : 1 night / person 1,800 yen ($15.21 US)
Single room : 1 night / person 3,500 yen ($29.58 US)
Deluxe single room : 1 night / person 5,000 yen ($42.26 US)
Deluxe twin room : 1 night / person 9,000 yen ($76.07 US)
Extra bed : each 1,800 yen ($15.21 US)
Visiting the Kodokan
Short-term visitors to Tokyo can visit the Kodokan to watch or attend practice. Visitors may walk up to the main floor of the dojo to watch practice or competitions. Permission is required to attend the practice for transient students. One-time visitors are most likely to be allowed to take part in a randori session with foreign students.
Main floor
The Main Dojo is found on the seventh floor. The dojo is carefully designed to give the precise amount of floor spring, brightness, and ventilation. Four official contests can be held at the same time in the Main Dojo on the seventh floor. It has 420 mats and approximately 900 spectators can be seated on the eighth floor. Medical equipment is provided in case of emergencies.
Attire
Only white judogi (judo uniforms) are allowed in the kodokan. Wearing blue or any other colored gi is considered disrespectful. This is a carry over tradition; in ancient times, white robes were worn into combat underneath the armor of samurai, signifying their readiness to die in battle. All major national and international competitions held within Japan are typically white gi only. Undershirts for men are not allowed.
See also
Jujutsu
List of Kodokan Judo techniques
References
^ Kodokan lodging fees
Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006) Judo Unleashed basic reference on judo. ISBN 0071475346.
Ohlenkamp, Neil Kodokan Judo – at JudoInfo.com
A History of the Kodokan – University of Montana Judo website.
External links
Kodokan website
“Judo History” – Judo history pages at JudoInfo.com
Categories: Judo | Judo organizations | DojosHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from February 2010 | All articles needing additional references | Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2010 | All articles lacking in-text citations
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