London method is suitable for large areas such as backs and whole legs and specific body sites include the upper lip, under arms, legs, back, shoulders, chin, cheeks, and other facial areas for women, etc.

Read more on Laser hair removal treatment…

As living standards improve, people have become increasingly demanding residential environment, especially for indoor air environment of increasingly high demand. Initially the use of window air conditioner, split, wall type, and household air-conditioner to reduce indoor temperatures, but the absence of outdoor fresh air, making it difficult for residential indoor air quality assurance; split-type air conditioner outdoor unit and installation of window air-conditioning pre- remaining holes into the destruction of houses and destruction of the facade an important factor of urban landscape. Moreover, in recent years with the continuous improvement of living conditions, general residential construction area has been expanded to 90 ~ 200m ², a number of residential villas and even reached 500 ~ 600m ², is clearly more suited for domestic air conditioners have a high grade residential development, residential central air conditioning will come into being.

The typical home central air conditioning system generally has three types: small home central air conditioning system air source, home inverter multi air conditioning systems, duct-type residential central air conditioning system. From our current technology level and air-conditioning production position, the air source more suitable for home central air conditioning system in China's national conditions. The following highlights the source of cold and hot water for household air conditioning system design, and needs attention.

1. Cooling and Heating Load Determination and equipment selection

Calculate the residential cooling load, due to all the terminal devices less likely to be used to calculate the system's total cooling load should be used based on user requests and the nature of the use of different factors to consider. Heating, the heating should be based on different ways to select the same time, consider using the coefficient and heat transfer between users. After determining the total load of hot and cold weather in this region according to the conditions and Energy Availability of equipment for a reasonable choice, such as air source water chiller, air source and single cooling unit + heaters, air source heat source a single cooling unit + other cities. Terminal equipment, indoor fan coil and air-conditioning box is usually choose the terminal equipment should take into account the intermittent use of coefficients of 1.2 and 1.2 when the clinical rooms without air-conditioning within the building envelope load additional factor.

Use air source unit, the balance point should be to choose the best local. Choose the best balance between the general steps for the unit:

calculate the optimal balance point temperature of the building thermal loads.

to the balance point temperature for the heat, conversion to standard operating conditions of the heat capacity of air source chiller selection.

check the manufacturer through the sample or technical information obtained by the air conditioning unit in the winter design conditions of the heat capacity, obtained by the design heat load capacity of auxiliary heating source.

manufacturers through the check samples or technical information obtained by the air conditioning unit in the summer design conditions of the cooling capacity, if can not meet the cooling load requirements, should be added secondary cooling source, taking into account the cooler layout convenience, is generally used in air-cooled single-cooling unit for secondary cooling source Methods

unit here, in general, there will be no air conditioning in summer design conditions Heat Pump Unit provides cold air conditioning cooling load is much greater than the situation.

2. Defrost air source units Reasons known to all, the application of air-source bound by climate conditions, the heat Pump More leading Japanese technology had "heating degree days HDD <3000" The recommended standards, scope of use in China was once demarcation of the Yangtze River region, the current guidance Project Designed the literature will be the winter outdoor design temperature tw =- 3 º C will be the lowest line. However, in the past 10 years, its application to north trend is obvious, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Yantai, Beijing and other cities and more have applied.

Researchers propose to calculate the air? Water pump change in the critical humidity, wet and dry conditions and frost critical humidity of ways to build on the solution of these two critical relative humidity of the air-source model to solve the different water temperatures and different air temperature and humidity of these two critical values, plotted using air? water pump when the frost and dry conditions the regional area. 45 º C water, the air-source unit run time of frost and dry conditions the regional area roughly along the line to Lhasa? Lanzhou? Taiyuan? Shijiazhuang? Line in Jinan. This line runs north of the regional air source, not frost; and south of this line, units have varying degrees of frost.

In air source units frosting mechanism are also carried out in recent years related to experimental research results show that air-side heat exchanger frosting process, not only changes in frost thickness, frost density is changing At first frost, the frost was mainly to increase the amount of the thickness of cream, the density change is small. Over time, increasing the thickness of frost mitigation, and increased density, and density of frost was parabolic with time changes. The results show that, in different conditions, the air-side heat exchanger frosting is different. The air temperature, the relative humidity the greater the more severe frost, defrost time interval shorter; the air relative humidity is fixed, 0 º C the frost conditions than -4 º C conditions of severe frost.

Heating temperature condition to make a run when the defrost is to prevent deterioration due to frost accumulation evaporator heat transfer. Obviously, the air source hot and cold water defrosting control the time control law is incompatible with the frost thickness with time laws. Similarly, although many manufacturers use the time? Temperature control method, but still unified fixed value and defrost defrost start time value, so as the air temperature, relative humidity of the different thickness of different frosting, defrosting results also not the same. Frosting for accurate prediction and control, is a prerequisite to ensure good results defrost. Defrost the ideal program should be both timely in the frost accumulation defrost, frost-free when not in defrost operation is invalid. Defrosting method most commonly used control method except the time, time? Temperature control method, there are bypass defrosting method, differential pressure control method, variable speed compressor and electronic expansion valve heat pump units were defrosting method and MP99 computer defrost, intelligent defrost, fuzzy defrosting so reliable and effective defrosting technology research is the development and promotion of home central air conditioning system air source key technologies.

Samples at the manufacturer's products, the heat pump's heating capacity is only the standard condition of instantaneous heat, when the coil surface frost, the unit efficiency decreased rapidly, thus, air source units outside the winter heating capacity should be based on Air temperature correction factor and the calculated correction factor of frost, to amend the following formula: Q = q? K1? K2 (the formula, Q?? unit heating capacity Kw; q?? product samples in the instantaneous heat capacity Kw; K1? ? outdoor air-conditioning use is calculated

Read more on Air source heat pump air conditioning system central air…

Format

Each typical television episode of Whose Line Is It Anyway? featured four performers who sit in a line of chairs at the back of the stage. The host sat at a desk facing the large performance area in front of the performers. The host introduced each performer with a joke or pun, usually all related on a common theme or topic.

The remainder of the show was made up of games that are ostensibly scored by the host, who declared arbitrary point values after the game, often citing a humorous reason for his decision. The points were purely decorative and served no practical purpose. Drew Carey would reiterate this at the beginning, and multiple times throughout, each episode by describing Whose Line as “the show where everything’s made up and the points don’t matter.” The style of the games were varied (see Games, below). Some featured all four performers, while others featured fewer. The performers who were not involved in a game remained in their seats at the back of the stage. Humorous banter between the host and the performers between games was also sometimes featured.

At the conclusion of each episode, a winner or several winners were chosen arbitrarily by the host. The “prize” for winning on the British version of the show was to read the credits in a certain style, chosen by the host, as they scrolled. On the American series, the “prize” was either to play a game with the host, or to sit out while the other performers did. After this game, credits simply rolled under the show’s theme. In the second season, the credit-reading, usually including all of the performers, was adopted from the UK series following the “prize” game.

Episodes in both versions were culled down from longer recording sessions with the best game performances chosen to compile into one or more episodes. The UK series each included one or two compilation shows of unaired games from different taping sessions in that series. The US show had one compilation episode made up of the best moments already aired the previous season.

Games

Main article: List of games from Whose Line Is It Anyway?

The number and type of games played varied from episode to episode. However, some games became more common over time, while others faded from use. New games were created throughout the run of both series. Some games, such as “Tag”, are based on traditional improv games, while others were uniquely created for the series.

While all games are designed to test the performer’s improvisational skill, some also test other skills, such as singing or doing impressions. Whose Line? features a number of musical games, which feature one or more of the show’s resident musicians playing live backing music. Occasionally, pre-recorded music is also used. While they are good sports about it, many of the performers despised the musical games.

Some games require suggestions or topics. The host sometimes calls to the studio audience for suggestions that a game requires, while for other games this information is written by the production staff, or is submitted by the audience in advance, and chosen from those submissions. The host also controls a buzzer, which ends most games.

On both versions, it became common to poke fun at both the host and the other performers.

Opening sequence

An opening sequence used by the British version of Whose Line? from 1994 to 1998

The British version of Whose Line? had a visual opening sequence that changed over the series. In the first series, the title sequence showed clips from the actual show under the main theme. The sequence introduced in the second series featured shots of actors in various styles of dress and activity whose exposed skin had been blackened out as a special effect. The final sequence featured a white line on a red screen, out of which a series of four characters, drawn simply as white outlines, appeared and interacted. The style is similar to that of La Linea by Osvaldo Cavandoli. The same line figures were superimposed above a picture of Los Angeles’ famous Hollywood Sign for the last series. The British version’s theme song was written by Philip Pope.

The U.S. version of the show never had a set opening sequence. During the opening theme, the camera would pan the audience and the performers with the show’s logo superimposed. Then, the camera would cut from performer to performer as Carey introduced each one; Carey himself would then come down the stairs of the audience seating to his desk to start the show.

History

Whose Line Is It Anyway? was created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson in 1988 as a radio show on BBC Radio 4. This early incarnation of the show is notable as being the origin of the show’s tradition of having the performers read the credits in an amusing style; as it was a radio show, it was necessary for somebody to read the credits, and it was decided that it might as well be done as part of the programme proper, rather than being done by a traditional BBC Radio announcer. This approach to reading credits was pioneered by the earlier BBC radio show I’m Sorry, I’ll Read That Again. Indeed the title of the show itself is a comedic riposte to another radio show, What’s My Line, merged with the title of a 1972 teleplay (and eventual theatrical play) Whose Life Is It Anyway?. The radio series consisted of six episodes, with Clive Anderson as host, with John Sessions and Stephen Fry as regulars.

U.S. version of Whose Line? opening title card

Originally, the producers asked the BBC to move to television; however the BBC was hesitant about this move. By this time, an already eager Channel 4 bought the show. Believing the show would become a hit, Channel 4 ordered 13 episodes for the first series, uncommon in the UK where a first TV series often consists of just 6 episodes. However, this came as a problem between two cast members. Original plans were to have Sessions and Fry as regulars with the rotation of two performers, but Stephen Fry pulled out as he was often scared performing it on radio, however, Sessions, with some persuasion from Fry, continued his role on the show. With the exception of Sessions in the first series and Stiles and Mochrie starting with the seventh and eighth series (respectively), there were no fixed regulars on the show, though there were many recurring regulars (including Fry).

The British television version lasted for a total of 10 series, with 136 episodes, all of which were hosted by Clive Anderson. The ending came when ratings were beginning to slump, which critics believe Mochrie and Stiles’ permanent fixtures were a factor of. One of the early North American broadcasters of the British series was the Canadian youth channel YTV, though many episodes were edited for adult language and content.

Most episodes of the British television programme were primarily shot in London. However, half of the episodes for each of series 3 and 4 were taped in New York, and series 10 was filmed entirely in Hollywood in the same studio that would host the American version, Raleigh Studios. This final series was first broadcast only in the U.S. on the Comedy Central cable channel. These U.S. shot episodes were often criticised by both fans and critics as being of a lower quality to the London shot episodes . Reruns of the entire British TV series had been running on Comedy Central since the early 1990s, though some episodes were edited to remove games, rearrange games in a show, or remove content that American audiences may find offensive. Repeats of the British series moved to BBC America in April 2006; however, the network has not shown any episodes taped before 1994.

The show was brought to the attention of Drew Carey, who worked with regular Whose Line? performer Ryan Stiles, a co-star on The Drew Carey Show. Carey convinced ABC to air test episodes in the United States. The show turned into an inexpensive hit (though less so than the British version) and ABC kept Carey on as host. The show ran on ABC for six seasons, benefiting from the low expectations of its Thursday night time slot, as ABC was not expected to mount a serious threat to what was then NBC’s longtime Thursday dominance in the Nielsen ratings. While the network would regularly premiere two new episodes in one night, there were several occurrences in which some episodes were skipped or postponed until a later date because of the airing of other new shows or specials.[citation needed]

The format of the American version was very similar to the British programme. A main difference was Carey’s use of the game-show facade, explicitly stating at the start of each episode that “the points don’t matter,” and sometimes emphasising this throughout the episodes. The difference in standards in the UK compared to U.S. primetime meant stricter censoring of both language and content on the U.S. series. Ryan Stiles and Colin Mochrie, frequent performers on the British show, were featured in every American episode, and Wayne Brady also became a regular toward the beginning of the second American season.

Production of the American version was cancelled by ABC in 2003 because of low ratings, with already-produced episodes airing first-run into 2004. The ABC Family cable network, which had been airing repeats of the show since 2002, also showed previously unaired episodes, as well as “new” episodes formed from previously filmed but unaired performances in 2005 and 2006.

UK version

Further information: List of Whose Line Is It Anyway? UK episodes

From left: Stephen Frost, Colin Mochrie, Ryan Stiles, and Tony Slattery

The original BBC Radio 4 broadcasts consisted of host Clive Anderson along with two guests and the two regular contestants, Stephen Fry and John Sessions.

Clive Anderson stayed on as host when the show moved to television, with John Sessions resuming his role as the only regular in the first series. He subsequently became a rotating regular in the second and third series. However he appeared only twice in the third series, these being his final appearances. Stephen Fry appeared only occasionally on the television series.

Ryan Stiles and Colin Mochrie first appeared in the second and third series respectively; they each gradually increased the frequency of their appearances to the point that both appeared in every episode from the eighth series on. Stiles is the most prolific performer on the show, having appeared in 76 of the series’ 136 episodes (including compilations). Wayne Brady, who became a regular on the US version, appeared in the final UK series for five episodes, including compilations.

Many of the show’s performers, including Paul Merton, Josie Lawrence and Sandi Toksvig, were regulars with The Comedy Store Players, an improvisational group based at London’s Comedy Store. Other regular performers from the British version included a variety of British, American and Canadian comedians, who included Greg Proops, Tony Slattery, Mike McShane, Stephen Frost, Brad Sherwood and Jim Sweeney. The series also occasionally featured celebrities in the fourth chair, such as Peter Cook, George Wendt and Jonathan Pryce.

On the original BBC Radio series, the music was provided by Colin Sell, but when the show migrated to television, Richard Vranch (also of The Comedy Store Players) became the musician until the last series of the British show, playing electric guitar and piano and other instruments. For the tenth series in Hollywood, Laura Hall took over, playing mainly keyboards, and went on to be the in-house musician for the American series.

Unlike the US version where the celebrities were assigned seating for the whole time of the show’s run, the celebrities were always switching seats.

US version

Further information: List of Whose Line Is It Anyway? US episodes

Colin Mochrie who joined the US version after originally appearing on the UK version.

Drew Carey hosted the U.S. version of Whose Line?. He was joined by the UK version’s Colin Mochrie (third seat) and Ryan Stiles (fourth seat) as regular performers. Wayne Brady also became a regular in the second season and appeared in either the first or second seat. The first seat was most commonly filled by other UK-series veterans, including Greg Proops, Brad Sherwood and Chip Esten. Several newcomers joined the rotation: such as Denny Siegel and Kathy Greenwood in the first two seasons. The only British performer to appear in the US version was Josie Lawrence.

The show occasionally featured celebrity fourth-chairs: Robin Williams, Kathy Kinney, Kathy Griffin and Whoopi Goldberg each made appearances. Other celebrities made guest appearances for individual games, including: Sid Caesar, David Hasselhoff, Florence Henderson, Jerry Springer, Joanie “Chyna” Laurer, Richard Simmons, Katie Harman, Jayne Trcka, Hugh Hefner and Lassie.

Laura Hall, who also featured in the tenth series of the British version, joined the American series for its entire run. From the second season onward, other musicians joined Hall. Linda Taylor made frequent appearances playing guitar and also some keyboards; other musicians such as Cece Worrall-Rubin on saxophone, Anne King, Candy Girard and Anna Wanselius all appeared alongside Hall (and sometimes also Taylor) on occasion.

Guests

Guests to appear as a contestant on at least one show were Niall Ashdown, John Bird, Rory Bremner, Patrick Bristow, Jane Brucker, Chyna, Julian Clary, Mark Cohen, Stephen Colbert, Peter Cook, Jeff Davis, Dawn French, Graeme Garden, Jon Glover, Ian Gomez, Kathy Greenwood, Whoopi Goldberg, Archie Hahn, Lenny Henry, Eddie Izzard, Richard Kaplan, Kathy Kinney, Phil LaMarr, Chris Langham, Hugh Laurie, Josie Lawrence, Rory McGrath, Karen Maruyama, Jim Meskimen, Neil Mullarkey, Jimmy Mulville, Ardal O’Hanlon, Catherine O’Hara, Jonathan Pryce, Caroline Quentin, Jan Ravens, Enn Reitel, Griff Rhys Jones, Kate Robbins, Richard Simmons, Arthur Smith, Chris Smith, Steve Steen, Betty Thomas, George Wendt, Robin Williams and Debra Wilson.

DVD release

DVDs have been released for both versions of the show.

UK

The first release of the UK show, featuring the first two series, was released on DVD in America on 27 March 2007 and in the UK in 25 January 2008. The UK edition is edited to remove references to the ad breaks. Also, British episodes were released on VHS (in the UK only) in the mid-1990s. Additionally, a play-at-home book was printed in 1989, related to the British series.

All of the UK version’s 136 episodes of Whose Line Is It Anyway? are available for free to those living in the UK on 4oD . Additionally, the first four series are available on iTunes.

US

The first DVD, Season 1, Volume 1, of the U.S. version of Whose Line? was released on 26 September 2006. It comes in “censored” or “uncensored” versions. Both releases include the first 10 episodes of the first season, with the episodes being the same on either version. The first seven episodes have had their original theme music (including all credits and ad bumpers) replaced with the version used on the rest of the episodes.

Warner Bros. released Season 1, Volume 2 on 9 October 2007, but only in an “uncensored” version.

Warner Brothers Home Video released a 2-disc ‘best-of’ compilation with 10 episodes on June 9, 2009. Celebrity guest episodes include appearances by David Hasselhoff, Florence Henderson, Jerry Springer, Richard Simmons, bodybuilder Jayne Trcka, and others.

Other versions

Sponk! 

In the United States, a similar show called Sponk! was aimed at a younger audience and featured child performers playing games similar to Whose Line? games. It aired on Noggin from 2001 to 2003.

De Lama’s 

In the Netherlands, a show based on Whose Line Is It Anyway? was called De Lama’s. Besides a number of games from Whose Line Is It Anyway?, the show used a lot of new games. The show won several prizes and was one of the most watched shows on Dutch television. It aired from 2004 to 2008.

Lo Kar Lo Baat 

In India, a television programme based on Whose Line Is It Anyway? was called Lo Kar Lo Baat. Most of the games were taken from the original.

Imps 

Also in India, a frequent theatre production similar to Whose Line Is It Anyway?, started in 2005 by Divya Palat.

Onvoorziene omstandigheden 

In Belgium, a similar programme was made under the name Onvoorziene omstandigheden (Unforeseen Circumstances), presented by Mark Uytterhoeven on n.

Frei Schnauze 

In Germany, this version of the UK original entertains its audience with many similar games. The show started as a half-hour programme and expanded to one hour in 2006. The host of Frei Schnauze is the German comedian Dirk Bach. Another improv show is Schillerstrae, featuring many well-known German comedians, but it uses a sitcom format.

Hatten Rundt 

In Denmark, this show featured a setup very similar to that of Whose Line?. However, the Danish show had much more emphasis on acting and much less on wild comedy.

Minus Manus/SpinnWebe 

Norway had two separate shows based on the Whose Line concept. The first, Minus Manus, shown on Norwegian TV3, was more or less identical in tone and form to the British show, but the second, Spinn, shown on TVNorge had a slightly different set-up. Among other things, Spinn split the contestants into two competing teams (the green team and the orange team, both wearing appropriately-coloured T-shirts) and also heavily involved a rotating stage that provided scenery and props for the various improvised skits. Though the shows were completely separate, many of the contestants (such as Heln Vikstvedt), featured on both.

Shel Mi HaShura HaZot? ( ) 

(Translation: Whose Line Is It?) This is the Israeli version of the show.

Wild ‘n Out 

Hosted on MTV by Nick Cannon, this is a hip-hop version of the show with guest stars (among them Wayne Brady from the original show) and hip-hop performances. It is also derived from ComedySportz.

Whose Pie Is It Anyway? 

An unofficial, very short-lived Australian version of the programme was created by comedy troupe The T Team. This was a spoof of the British and U.S. versions of the programme.

Annda Grnt Show 

In Turkey, The Turkish version is called Annda Grnt Show, which means Immediate Vision Show. Although there are some differences in the format of the Annda Grnt Show, it is still very close to the original Whose Line Is It Anyway?. Players include: Aya Ildar Ak, Ayhan Ta, Burak Satbol, Dilek elebi, zlem Tray and Yiit Ar.

Tsotskhali Show 

(Translation: Live Show) In Georgia, this show is a copy of the original with minor changes.

Pagauk kamp 

(Translation: Catch The Corner or Get It Quick) In Lithuania. Quite a successful Lithuanian copy of Whose Line? with similar rules and games.

Kamikaze

This is the French-Canadian version of the programme on the Radio-Canada network in the early 2000s. The show didn’t gain much popularity due to its lack of advertising. The only airings of the show were unannounced and used as a replacement after the sitcom Catherine went on hiatus during the holidays. The show was almost identical to the U.S. version, using the same set and playing similar games such as “Old Job New Job.”

L’audition 

Another French-Canadian version, entitled L’audition (“The audition”), aired in 2006 on TQS in Qubec. The concept of the show was based on the WLIIA game “Hollywood Director,” where the host played the director. Every week, three guests from the Qubec pop-culture were invited to improvise various scenes and games such as a fake cooking show or a modified version of “Scenes From a Hat.” TQS decided to cancel the show due to three months of poor ratings.

Beugr 

(Translation: Stand-In) The Hungarian version. The first show piloted on New Year’s night 2007. The show consists of four actors playing improvisational games. The games are slightly differ from the original Whose Line games, and the show introduces some new games as well (like a hook-word which has to be used through the show as many times as the performers can). When its original channel (TV2) was to finish off the show, an online petition was started to save it. After that it was successfully aired on the Hungarian national public service television (Magyar Televzi), but one year later it passed it to Cool TV because of financial reasons.

Black fish (Pakistan)

This show was carried out live in Karachi by four performers who more or less played the same games as were seen on the American version of the show.

Actorlympics TV (Malaysia)

The Malay version of Whose Line Is It Anyway?; aired on NTV7.

Quinta Categoria (Brazil)

It has similar games to the original Whose Line is it Anyway?, aired on MTV Brasil. This show is carried out by four players: Marcos Mion, Anderson, Daniel and Elidio (the latter three collectively known as the “Barbixas” in the Brazilian stand-up comedy medium). Sometimes a fifth member, Mionzinho, joins the games. There is also a special guest who suggests the rules of the last game of the show. In 2010, the program will be helmed by the comedy group Deznecessrios, following Mion’s departure to Rede Record.

Tudo Improviso’ (Brazil)

This version, which debuted on January 4, 2010, airs on Rede Bandeirantes. This program counts with seven main performers, among them Anderson, Daniel and Elidio, formerly from the aforementioned Quinta Categoria.

Partika (Slovakia)

Los Improvisadores (Chile)

The Chilean adapted version of Whose Line Is It Anyway? currently being aired on Via X. It more-less follows the same format of the original version but with several changes to the way the games are played and introducing new games.

Post-Whose Line

When the UK version ended in 1998, many of the performers, such as Stephen Frost and Mike McShane, began performing with The Comedy Store Players and remain performing to date. Paul Merton resumed his role as team captain on Have I Got News For You. Stephen Fry currently appears in the ITV drama Kingdom. Host Clive Anderson resumed his chat show Clive Anderson All Talk until 2001 and appeared on QI. Most, if not all, American performers began performing on the US version.

Following the American version’s cancellation in 2003, Carey went on to create the short-lived Drew Carey’s Green Screen Show, which premiered in 2004 on the WB. The series was very similar to Whose Line?, and featured many of the same cast. The major gimmick on that series was that the acting was done in front of a green screen, and animators later added cartoon imagery to the scenes.

Drew Carey and several cast members also started touring North America with a live-action show called “(Drew Carey’s) Improv All-Stars.” The show was a live stage show similar to Whose Line?, and featuring many of the same games, though also with some new ones. The live shows started in 2003, and since 2006, are only seen on occasion, mostly due to Carey’s current television obligations.

Colin Mochrie, Brad Sherwood and Drew Carey performed at the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal as “Improv All-Stars” in 2003 and 2004. Since 2005, Mochrie and Sherwood have toured semi-regularly as An Evening With Colin and Brad.

Greg Proops and Ryan Stiles presented ‘Stiles & Proops Unplanned’ which was a live improv comedy show based on the successful Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned format. It took place at Centaur Theatre in Montreal, Canada in July 2008. Proops currently appears as Max Madigan on Nickelodeon’s True Jackson, VP, and is currently hosting Head Games on The Science Channel. Ryan Stiles can also currently be found touring the US with several of the guest performers from “Whose Line Is It Anyway?”, presenting under the name “Whose Live Anyway?”

Since 2007, both Carey and Stiles have been employed by American television network CBS; Carey succeeded Bob Barker as the host of the game show The Price Is Right (after a short stint as host of another game show, Power of 10) and Stiles is a supporting character on the sitcom Two and a Half Men.

In 2007, Mochrie was host of a five-episode run of Are You Smarter Than a Canadian 5th Grader? on Global TV in Canada.

Brady had a summer variety show on ABC in 2001, The Wayne Brady Show and then hosted a daytime talk show of the same name for two seasons, starting in Sept. 2002. He also was the host of Fox’s Don’t Forget the Lyrics. In 2007, he also made a guest appearance in one episode of 30 Rock, and has made several appearances on How I Met Your Mother as Barney Stinson’s homosexual brother. He also had a couple of guest appearances on Chapelle’s Show. Since October 5, 2009, Brady has been the host of CBS’ revival of the classic game show Let’s Make a Deal. Since then, at least every main Whose Line participant has hosted a game show save Ryan Stiles (including both gameshows in the current CBS daytime lineup).

See also

Mock The Week

Drew Carey’s Green Screen Show

I’m Sorry I Haven’t a Clue

Thank God You’re Here

ComedySportz

Boom Chicago

The Second City

The Comedy Store Players

References

^ Lavalie, John (2005-05-14). “Whose Line is It Anyway? [Radio"]. epguides.com. http://epguides.com/WhoseLineIsItAnyway_UK/radio.shtml. Retrieved 2008-01-28. 

^ Fergus, George (2005-05-14). “Whose Line(UK)”. epguides.com. http://epguides.com/WhoseLineIsItAnyway_UK/. Retrieved 2008-01-28. 

^ a b http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/tv/whose_line_is_it_anyway/about/

^ Jayne Trcka

^ “Sid Caesar, Lassie guest on `Whose Line’”. Chicago Tribune. 2001-11-14. 

^ Wolf, Ian (2007-12-20). “News – 4oD comedy goes permanently free”. British Sitcom Guide. http://www.sitcom.co.uk/news/news.php?story=000356. Retrieved 2008-01-03. 

^ “Whose Line Is It Anyway? DVD news: Drew Carey To Get Some Helping Hands With September Release Date! | TVShowsOnDVD.com”. TVShowsOnDVD.com<!. http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/newsitem.cfm?NewsID=5965. Retrieved 2009-07-13. 

^ “Whose Line Is It Anyway? DVD news: Announcement for Whose Line Is It Anyway? – Season 1, Volume 2 (Uncensored) | TVShowsOnDVD.com”. TVShowsOnDVD.com<!. http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/newsitem.cfm?NewsID=7562. Retrieved 2009-07-13. 

^ “Whose Line Is It Anyway? DVD news: Announcement for Whose Line Is It Anyway? – Best Of (Uncensored) | TVShowsOnDVD.com”. TVShowsOnDVD.com<!. http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Line-Best-Of-Release/8644. Retrieved 2009-07-13. 

^ “Sponk! – TV.com”. TV.com<!. 2008-09-26. http://www.tv.com/sponk!/show/8844/summary.html. Retrieved 2009-07-13. 

^ “:: Maher-i Cmb ::. Tiyatro Sporu | Beyin Frtnas – Ana Sayfa”. Mahsericumbus.com. http://www.mahsericumbus.com/. Retrieved 2009-07-13. 

^ Beugr (Official Site)

^ “Beugr (Online Petition)”. Petitionspot.com. 2008-05-06. http://www.petitionspot.com/petitions/beugro. Retrieved 2009-07-13. 

^ “j hazt tallt a Beugr” (in Hungarian). tv. [origo]. 2009-09-23. http://www.origo.hu/teve/20090923-uj-hazat-talalt-a-beugro-megy-a-cool-tevere.html?. Retrieved 2009-10-02. 

^ “Welcome to the Improv All-Stars website”. Improvallstars.com. http://www.improvallstars.com/. Retrieved 2009-07-13. 

^ An Evening With Colin Mochrie and Brad Sherwood

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Whose Line Is It Anyway?

Official website from ABC Family

Official website from Warner Bros.

Whose Line Is It Anyway? at the Internet Movie Database (UK)

Whose Line Is It Anyway? at the Internet Movie Database (USA)

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Whose Line Is It Anyway? TV show

UK version

Host

Clive Anderson

Regular contestants

Stephen Frost  Stephen Fry  Josie Lawrence  Mike McShane  Paul Merton  Colin Mochrie  Greg Proops  John Sessions  Brad Sherwood  Tony Slattery  Steve Steen   Ryan Stiles  Jim Sweeney   Sandi Toksvig

Musicians

Colin Sell  Richard Vranch

US version

Host

Drew Carey

Regular contestants

Wayne Brady  Chip Esten  Kathy Greenwood  Colin Mochrie  Greg Proops  Brad Sherwood  Denny Siegel  Ryan Stiles  Jeff Davis

Musicians

Laura Hall  Linda Taylor  Cece Worrall-Ruben

Related topics

List of UK episodes  List of US episodes  List of games  Drew Carey’s Green Screen Show

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2006 Annual China Digital TV Festival

Time: April 20, 2006 PM

Location: Crowne Plaza Park View Wuzhou Beijing A second floor room

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HC appliance industry channel has been carried out live, please pay attention!

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2006 Annual China Digital TV Festival "

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Moderator:

Leaders, Ladies and Gentlemen, welcome to the year 2006, China Digital TV festival site, welcome you.

First introduce myself, I am a Chinese digital TV Tang Bin, I am glad all over this afternoon for a grand, first, I introduce guests to the meeting today, they are the China Video Industry Association, white people President, China Video Industry Association Deputy Secretary-General Mr. Hao Yabin, China Electronics Standardization Institute Deputy Chief Engineer Mr. Zhao Xinhua, the State Information Center deputy director of the Department of Information Resources Development, Mr. prairie fire early, deputy general manager of Qingdao Hisense Electric Co., Ltd. Shao Mr. constructed, Malata Group Co., Ltd., Chairman Mr. Wu Huitian, syntax? brillian chief technology officer, Mr. Robert, summer, general manager of China Electronics Corporation Assistant bit self-President, Samsung China Investment Co., Ltd. Marketing Miss Li Ying, Computer World Media Group Executive Director Mr. Jin Jianzhong, chief editor of China Digital TV package Ran Xiansheng.

Come to our festival site today there are many elites, where the interests of time, I do not 11 of us think, first of all I welcome you on behalf of the arrival of the organizers.

After the first two days of sandstorms

baptism, and today in Beijing presented a beautiful spring, I think this is kind of weather. Today, three-month digital TV Awards announced soon. Promote the harmonious development of industry, create a healthy competitive environment, companies have been highly appreciated by the mainstream industry and active participation in industry standards organizations and authoritative experts, under the guidance of the evaluation, objective and fair assessment process, full of industry and the industry forward-looking guidance.

In about two weeks before the digital TV Association issued a 25 standard, industry and consumers are very concerned about. Ten days later, on May 1 Golden Week will pull hot color TV, today announced the China Digital TV Awards, the mainstream brands and the new era of perceptual knowledge. Here I would introduce us to one of a guest, he is TCL Group, Mr. Li Xin.

White people, the Director of Broadcasting and TV Equipment Ministry of Information Industry, Video Industry Association China General:

Distinguished leaders, distinguished guests, media friends, good afternoon. First of all, on behalf of Video Industry Association to all of us extend a warm welcome.

Beijing spring sunshine today, I think this is also the kind of weather, to support our successful convening of the conference. I am even more pleased to see that the first floor from domestic research institutions, experts and scholars from all over the media friends, we build a common interest in China's digital TV industry in the development of set off together from a win-win The industrial development of a new situation.

2006, and is our national "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" of the year, China's digital TV industry is key to the development of the year. In the long ago, the Ministry of Information Industry in March 31 this year promulgated the term digital television receiving equipment such as the electronics industry standard of 25, industry and consumers for the promulgation of this standard are very concerned about the digital television receiver , high-definition television standards in this degree are given clear rules, which for manufacturers, for consumers, is a very good thing. Promulgation of this standard will help the market norm.

Recalling the China Video Industry

the development process, as the main industry that is in the Video Industry in the television industry, the experience of the last century 80's inception, 90 years of maturation, had become a pillar industry of electronic information industry, into the 21st century, we began to go international, we start from the large to the strong development of the form of products, said, if black and white and color television in the era of China The industry completed the layout of the whole industrial chain.

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Etymology

A taxicab in San Francisco

Harry Nathaniel Allen of The New York Taxicab Co., who imported the first 600 gas-powered New York taxicabs from France, coined the word taxicab as a contraction of taximeter cab. In time, the shortened term, taxi, came into common usage. Cab is an abbreviation of cabriolet, a type of horse-drawn carriage. In Britain, the word taxicab is rarely used.[citation needed] In the U.K., taximeter cab was shortened to taxi and cab, and these were and are used separately to distinguish between type of service and/or type of vehicle.[citation needed] In this article, taxicab appears throughout.

In turn, taximeter is an adaptation of the French word taximtre, which is a derivation of the German word taxameter, coined from Medieval Latin taxa, which means tax/charge, together with meter from the Greek metron () meaning measure.

History

The back view of a “bicitaxi” (as identified by its license plate) from Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl, Mexico

Taximeters existed in ancient Rome, where they employed a mechanism that used the turning of the cart’s axle to release small balls.[citation needed] At the end of the trip, the passenger paid based on the number of released balls. The modern taximeter was invented by German Wilhelm Bruhn in 1891, and the Daimler Victoriahe world’s first meter-equipped (and gasoline-powered) taxicabas built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1897.

Taximeters were originally mechanical and mounted outside the cab, above the driver’s side front wheel. Meters were soon relocated inside the taxi, and in the 1980s electronic meters were introduced, doing away with the once-familiar ticking sound of the meter’s timing mechanism.

In some locations, taxicabs display a small illuminated sign indicating if they are free. In Argentina, this sign is called a “banderita” (little flag), a carryover term from the days of mechanical taximeters, in which a little flag was turned to wind up the mechanism. The flag would be hidden at the start of a trip and moved to the visible position at the end.

Horse-drawn for-hire hackney carriage services began operating in both Paris and London in the early 17th century. The first documented service was started by Nicolas Sauvage in Paris in 1640. His vehicles were known as fiacres, as the main vehicle depot apparently was opposite a shrine to Saint Fiacre. (The term fiacre is still used in French to describe a horse-drawn vehicle for hire, while the German term Fiaker is used, especially in Austria, to refer to the same thing). In London the Hackney Carriage Act (1635) became the first legislated control in English on vehicles for hire. In the 19th century, Hansom cabs largely replaced the older designs because of their improved speed and safety.[citation needed]

The first taxi service in Toronto, “The City”, was established in 1837 by Thornton Blackburn, an ex-slave whose escape from Detroit was the impetus for the Blackburn Riot.

Although battery-powered vehicles enjoyed a brief success in Paris, London, and New York in the 1890s, the 1891 invention by German Wilhelm Bruhn of the taximeter (the familiar mechanical and now often electronic device that calculates the fare in most taxicabs) ushered in the modern taxi. The first modern meter-equipped taxicab was the Daimler Victoria, built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1897. The first modern taxi company was opened by Friedrich Greiner and began operating in Stuttgart the same year.[citation needed]

Gasoline-powered taxicabs began operating in Paris in 1899, in London in 1903, and in New York in 1907. The New York taxicabs were imported from France by Harry N. Allen. Allen was the first person to paint his taxicabs yellow, after learning that yellow is the colour most easily seen from a distance.

Taxicabs proliferated around the world in the early 20th century. The first major innovation after the invention of the taximeter occurred in the late 1940s, when two-way radios first appeared in taxicabs. Radios enabled taxicabs and dispatch offices to communicate and serve customers more efficiently than previous methods, such as using callboxes. The next major innovation occurred in the 1980s, when computer assisted dispatching was first introduced.

There has generally been a legal struggle concerning the certification of motor vehicles to be taxicabs, which take much more wear than a private car does. In London, they were additionally required to meet stringent specifications (Metropolitan Conditions of Fitness – MCF), adopted in entirety by a number of other large UK cities (including Glasgow and Edinburgh), for example, as concerns turn radius, which resulted for a time in having only one make legally usable. In the US, in the 1930s, the cabs were often DeSotos or Packards. General Motors offered a specialized vehicle for a time, named the General. The firm Checker came into existence then, and stopped manufacturing cabs in the early 1980s. Its cars were specially built to carry “double dates.” But now New York City requires that all taxicabs be ordinary cars. They are mainly long-wheelbase versions of the Ford Crown Victoria. Toyota Sienna minivans are the alternate vehicle of choice in New York’s cab fleet. In the 1960s in Europe, Mercedes-Benz and Peugeot offered diesel taxicabs. This form of engine is now the norm in Europe due to its superior fuel economy, torque and reliability.

Vehicles

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A Taxi Cab in Dryden, Ontario

A Taxi-Boat in Venice, Italy

Taxi service is typically provided by automobiles, but various human-powered vehicles, (such as the rickshaw) and animal-powered vehicles (such as the Hansom cab) or even boats (such as water taxies or gondolas) are also used or have been used historically. In Western Europe, Bissau, and to an extent, Australia, it is not uncommon for expensive cars such as Mercedes-Benz to be the taxicab of choice. Often this decision is based upon the perceived reliability of, and warranty offered with these vehicles. These taxi-service vehicles are almost always equipped with four-cylinder turbodiesel engines and relatively low levels of equipment, and are not considered luxury cars. This has changed though in countries, such as Denmark, where tax regulation make it profitable to sell the vehicles after a few years of service, which requires the cars to be well equipped and kept in good condition.

A now phased out VW Beetle taxi in Mexico City. These VW Beetles are commonly referred to as “Vochos”

In Mexico, Mexico City’s ubiquitous VW Type 1 (Beetle) cabs were green and white (being firstly yellow) by law until early 2003. No VWs are coloured this way anymore. Matchbox released a scale model of the VW taxi in 2004, numbered 31, also known as a bocho. However, the two-door Volkswagens had been displaced by more suitable four-door sedans, the Nissan Tsuru, a Sentra MkIII (B13) based saloon and recognized for their red/white (or silver) body colour. Other taxis can range from Fords to Mercedes-Benzes. There are also many taxicab bus models known as peseros as the original taxi service began in Mexico City charged only one peso.

In Spain, the most common taxi cars in Spain are SEAT Toledos, Skoda Octavias, Peugeot 406es and Volkswagen Jettas. You may also find MPV models such as Fiat Ulysses, SEAT Altea XLs or Kia Carnivals which are sometimes also adapted to carry wheelchair passengers.

In Norway, many taxicabs are Mercedes E-classes (usually E-220 CDIs) or Volvo V70ies. These cars are almost always equipped with diesel engines, automatic transmission, satellite navigation, and high quality trim levels.

Traditionally in Australia, taxicabs are mainly Ford Falcons. Due to the low price, Kia Carnivals are becoming increasingly popular as well. There are premium operators who mainly operate on Ford Fairlanes and Holden Statesmans. Almost all Australian taxicabs run on liquefied petroleum gas. More recently, the Chrysler 300C Turbo Diesel and BMW 5-series diesel have been introduced to replace the phased out Fairlane. Toyota Priuses are also used in metropolitan areas. There are also “Maxi Taxis” which mostly are for-hire minibuses. Toyota Hiaces, Volkswagen Multivans and Mercedes-Benz Vitos are typically used.

In New Zealand, similarly to Australia, Holden Commodores and Ford Falcons have been the traditional taxicab of choice. However, in the last decade a move has been made towards large front wheel drive V6 models such as Toyota Avalons, Nissan Maximas and Toyota Camries. At the other end of the scale, used examples of Mercedes-Benz S-Classes and BMW 5 Series are becoming popular for more upmarket companies, along with the traditional “Corporate cabs” such as Ford Fairlanes and Holden Statesmans.

LTI Fairway in London

In the United Kingdom a current debate exists as to the most appropriate vehicles to be licensed as taxis. Local authorities split between those which adopt the Metropolitan Conditions of Fitness, which are widely interpreted to require London style Black taxis, and those which allow a wider range of vehicles. The debate is informed, but not solved, by a desire to implement accessible taxis, defined and required under the Disability Discrimination Act (1985), but not enforced in all authority areas. UK devolved administrations (Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales) have devolved responsibilities for taxi licensing law (but not for application, which is enforced at a local authority level). Scotland can, but chooses not to, determine a national vehicle standard. Northern Ireland, which operates as a single authority under the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland, operates a four vehicle structure.

In Singapore, Toyota Comforts (rebadged as Crowns) and Hyundai Sonatas are most common, while there are also Nissan Cedrics, Toyota Coronas, Volkswagen Tourans, Mercedes-Benz C-Classes, Honda Airwaves, Toyota Wishes, Skoda Superbs and brand new LPG Toyota Priuses to conserve fuel. Taxis are the main cause to the majority of accidents that happened, due to the carelessness and recklessness of the taxi drivers.[citation needed] See also 1

In India, taxis are not very common, however, the most common taxis are Maruti Omnis, Tata Indicas and Hindustan Ambassadors. Small LPG auto-rickshaws are most commonly used. Recently Toyota Innovas are very common and Toyota Corollas for more of a luxurious ride.

In Trinidad and Tobago the vehicles most commonly used as taxis are fifth generation Nissan Cedrics, fifth and sixth generation Nissan Laurels, 6th to 8th generation Toyota Crowns and any other vehicles registered with an “H”. However in Trinidad, many cars still operate as taxicabs even without being registered. These “illegal” taxicabs are called “PH” or “P/H” taxis due to the fact that private cars are registered with a “P” for example, “PAU 6767″. Private taxi companies are scarce and expensive, hence all taxis in Trinidad are both driver managed and driver operated. These privately owned taxis vary in colour and model, therefore one would almost never see a “Yellow cab” in Trinidad and Tobago. Unlike Maxi taxis that are colour coded to a specific area, taxicabs are not colour coded.

Toyota Prius in Vancouver, Canada

Taxicabs in less developed places can be a completely different experience, such as the antique French cars typically found in Cairo. However starting March 2006, newer modern taxicabs entered the service operated by various private companies. Taxicabs differ in other ways as well: London’s black cabs have a large compartment beside the driver for storing bags, while many fleets of regular taxis also include wheelchair accessible taxicabs among their numbers (see below). Although taxicabs have traditionally been sedans, minivan and even SUV taxicabs are becoming increasingly common. In many cities, limousines operate as well, usually in competition with taxicabs and at higher fares.

Recently, with growing concern for the environment, there have been solar powered taxicabs. On April 20, 2008, a “solar taxi tour” was launched that aimed to tour 15 countries in 18 months in a solar taxi that can reach speeds of 90 km/h with zero emission. The aim of the tour was to spread knowledge about environmental protection.

A wheelchair-adapted taxi in Gloucester

Wheelchair-accessible taxicabs

In recent years, some companies have been adding specially modified vehicles capable of transporting wheelchair-using passengers to their fleets. Such taxicabs are variously called accessible taxis, wheelchair- or wheelchair-accessible taxicabs, modified taxicabs, and so on.

Wheelchair taxicabs are most often vans or minivans which have undergone special modifications. Wheelchair-using passengers are loaded, with the help of the driver, via a lift or, more commonly, a ramp, at the rear of the vehicle.This feature is however a subject for concern amongst Licensig Authorities who feel that the wheelchair passenger could not easily exit the vehicle in the event of accident damage to the rear door.The latest generation of accessible taxis features side loading with emergency egress possible from either of the 2 side doors as well as the rear. The wheelchair is secured using various systems, commonly including some type of belt and clip combination, or wheel locks. Some wheelchair taxicabs are capable of transporting only one wheelchair-using passenger at a time, and can usually accommodate 4 to 6 additional able-bodied passengers.

Wheelchair taxicabs are part of the regular fleet in most cases, and so are not reserved exclusively for the use of wheelchair users. They are often used by able-bodied people who need to transport luggage, small items of furniture, animals, and other items. Because of this, and since only a small percentage of the average fleet is modified, wheelchair users must often wait for significantly longer periods when calling for a cab, and flagging a modified taxicab on the street is much more difficult.

These particular taxicabs have developed their own special names such as, ‘Maxicabs’.

Livery

Some yellow taxicabs in Kolkata, India

Originally, hackney carriage companies were distinguished from each other by their drivers’ livery (uniforms) and by the colours of their carriages. For example, at the end of the 19th century in Paris, Compagnie Generale carriages were painted blue, while those of Abeille were painted green (“The Paris Cabman”). During the early years of the twentieth century, private cars were usually black because paints of other colours were not durable. Taxis were the exception, as they would be touched up or worn out. Around the world today, taxi companies are still distinguished by the way their cars are painted.

North and Central America

In the United States and Canada, many older taxi companies are named according to their paint schemes. Thus, “Yellow Cabs” are painted yellow, Checker taxis are a play on the car manufacturer’s name (Checker Motors) and have a distinctive black-and-white or black-and-yellow checkerboard stripe around their bodies, “Blue and White Cabs” might have blue bodies and white roofs, and “Black Top” and “Red Top Cabs” have black and red roofs respectively. In the 1920s, a famous company named “Brown and White” lost a lawsuit to prevent other taxi drivers from painting their cars these colours. In 1960, New York City ordered that the city’s taxis be painted yellow.

Some Canadian cities such as Toronto and Vancouver have taxis with their own custom colours, but Montreal-area taxis (mostly mid-size cars such as the Chevrolet Malibu and Toyota Camry) remain exactly the same car. In Honolulu, Hawaii, most taxis are luxury cars such as Lincoln Town Cars and Lexus ES350s and GX470s. These cars are left stock colored.

In Orange County, Florida, many of the taxicabs are painted orange.

Three-wheeled Coco taxis in Havana, Cuba

Mexico City’s ubiquitous VW Type 1 (Beetle) cabs were green and white (being firstly yellow) by law until early 2003. However, the tiny cars had been displaced by bigger four-door sedans, the Nissan Tsuru, a Sentra MkIII (B13) based saloon and recognized for their red/white (or silver) body colour. No VW are coloured this way anymore. Matchbox released a scale model of the VW taxi in 2004, numbered 31.

Three-wheeled Coco taxis, named because their shape resembles that of a coconut, are used in Havana, Cuba.

Asia

Malaysia

In Malaysia, most taxicabs have distinctive white and red liveries. In Kuala Lumpur, well established meter taxi companies with more than 1000 units have bright orange colour liveries with approval from the government. Private operating taxis must have distinctive white and red liveries only.

Kuala Lumpur is the only city in Malaysia with taxicabs extensively running on natural gas.

To hail a taxicab, you normally just wait on the street or go to locations called taxi stands. Taxicabs are referred to as taxis in Malaysia.

Indonesia

In Jakarta, BlueBird Taxis is a very well established meter taxis companies, with their own light blue colour liveries. Other Private companies operating taxis have their own distinctive liveries.

To hail a taxicab, you normally just wait on the street or go to a taxi stand.

Taxicabs are referred to as teksi in Indonesia and the most reliable in Jakarta is BlueBird TaxiCab.

India

In India, most taxicabs, especially those in Delhi and Mumbai, have distinctive black and yellow liveries with the bottom half painted black and upper half painted yellow. In Kolkatta, most taxis are painted yellow with a blue strip in the middle. Private companies operating taxis can have their own liveries but need to get them approved from the government. Taxis and all other commercial vehicles have a yellow number plate so charging taxes and toll in highways is easier for the officials. Delhi is the only city in India with taxicabs running only on Compressed Natural Gas. To hail a taxicab, you normally just wait on the street or go to locations called taxi stands. Taxicabs are referred to as taxis in India and the word cab is rarely used.

Hong Kong

Some red Taxicabs in Hong Kong

Taxicabs of Hong Kong have three colours based on service area: red with silver top for urban Hong Kong; green with white top for New Territories; and blue with white top for Lantau Island. The colours are to even out service between less densely populated areas and urban centres of the territory.

Most taxis in Hong Kong are Toyota Comfort (YXS10 series). This is a mid-size rear-wheel-drive model specially manufactured as commercial use 4-door sedan, and it is very durable. All taxis in Hong Kong are currently powered by LPG engines.[citation needed]

Japan

In Japan, taxicabs each have colours or designs based on the company. The majority of Japanese cars are white, silver or black. Some taxis adopt showy colours, such as green, red, and orange, to attract customers’ attention.[citation needed]

Most Japanese taxis are one of three types of cars: the Toyota Comfort; Nissan Crew; and Nissan Cedric Y31. They all have automatic passenger doors, which open when a button is pressed by the driver. However, elite taxis may have drivers that manually open the door for the passenger.

Recently, some taxi companies have selected Toyota Crown S170 and/or S180 as taxis because cars made for use as taxis (such as Comfort, Crew and Cedric) have very plain interiors.[citation needed]

Europe

In another sense of livery, the Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers became a City of London Livery Company in 2004.

Mercedes Benz taxis in Berlin, Germany

In Germany, taxicabs are beige, a look that was officially stipulated by law as Elfenbein a light ivory-colour in 1971. In 2005 this legal restriction was lifted, but most taxicab drivers associations and companies still prefer the unified look and visibility of beige. Most taxicabs in Germany are Mercedes.

In Greece taxicabs have variable colours, according to the city they are registered. For example, in Athens they are yellow (see: ). In all rural areas, they are usually silver-coloured. In other cities except Athens they have particular colours, such as blue (Thessaloniki),dark red (Patras) or dark green(Ioannina). Cars used as taxis are only 4-door sedans with great luggage space. The cars used most as taxis are Mercedes E-class, VW Passat, Skoda Octavia and Toyota Avensis. Most of them in urban areas are equipped with GPS navigation systems.[citation needed]

A Leeds taxi branded with advertisements for Barclays Bank.

A Russian TechArt Magnum taxi based on the Porsche Cayenne

A Russian Maybach taxi.

In Russia some companies are offering a ‘luxury’ taxi service where taxis are Maybachs and TechArt Magnums (tuned Porsche Cayennes) – but most cabs are operated by more ‘conventional’ brands, such as Ford Focus or Renault Kangoo in larger cities and Russian makes elsewhere. In cities, it is also traditionally possible to hail down private cars and negotiate a lift for an agreed price. This is usually quite safe (for locals), since a large proportion of car owners practice this as a steady source of additional income.

In Spain, each town and city designates the colour of their taxis, but in the overwhelming majority, it is white, usually with some kind of colour detail and/or local symbol on the doors. For example, in Madrid (and also in Almera), taxicabs are white with a red diagonal stripe going through the front doors; in Seville, they are white with a diagonal yellow stripe down the rear doors; in Bilbao, white with a horizontal red stripe on the front doors, etc. A notable exception is Barcelona, where taxicabs are fully black, except the doors and the boot lid, which are painted yellow. By far the most popular car models for taxicab duties, all around Spain, are the SEAT Toledo and the koda Octavia; other models that can also be found frequently are the Peugeot 406 (the 407 has only been very recently homologated for this function ), Volkswagen Jetta, SEAT Altea XL, Opel Vectra, Citron C5, Toyota Avensis, some Mercedes-Benz E-Class, etc.

In Italy, taxicabs used to be green and black since the time of World War II, but were eventually changed to a bright yellow colour. More recently, the colour was changed to white.

In Portugal, taxis were traditionally black with the upper half painted green. This was changed to a uniform beige colour in the 1990s, but in the 2000s many new taxis have gone back to the traditional livery. Mercedes C- and E-class are popular taxicab models.

In Scandinavia there is no particular colour for taxicabs. Various shades of black and silver are the most popular choices. The cars most use are Volvo S80/V70, Mercedes C- and E-class, Toyota Avensis, koda Octavia, VW Passat and VW Transporter/Caravelle bus and BMW 5 series. In Finland and Sweden taxis are equipped with GPS navigation and booking system.

In The Netherlands Taxicabs have no particular colour, though they seem to follow a certain fashion. For a while they tended to be dark/navy blue or black, a colour to which we appear to be returning after a period of Silver/middle grays and Anthracites. Not all cabs follow this fashion, and there is a wide range of other colours, including bright yellow, mostly seen on American models. The most common vehicles used as taxicabs are E-class, others include koda Octavia, VW Passat, VW Transporter/Caravelle, Chrysler 300C and Citron C5. However many other cars can be found as cabs as well, ranging from several motorbikes and Smart ForTwo’s to the ubiquitous London Cab, several American models such as the Ford Crown Victoria, Chevrolet and a few Lincoln Towncars and an increasing number of medium sized SUV’s. Not all cabs have clear signs indicating their function, at least not always in the traditional sense. By law, all cabs have a license plate which has black letters on a lightblue background. The plates are a legal requirement for any car operating as a cab, which for this purpose is defined as being any chauffeur driven vehicle that can be hired, so this includes the limousines that you hire for opening nights and school proms. In cities such as Amsterdam there is an increasing amount of alternative personal public transport on offer, such as the Tuktuk, the cyclecab and the Amsterdam Watertaxi

Some taxis in Lisbon.

Taxis in Curitiba.

Oceania

In Australia, livery is determined by state legislation. In Victoria, an all-yellow scheme is adopted. In contrast, in Queensland, livery is dependent on which company is operating the dispatch system the taxi uses. In South Australia, most taxis are white. Taxis in Australia are most often Ford Falcons and Mercedes-Benz Vitos (as Maxicabs), other less common types of taxis in Australia are Holden Commodore, Holden Statesman, SsangYong Stavic, Toyota Avalon (Australian built model), Toyota Hiace and Toyota Prius. Most private taxi companies use Holden Caprices, Mercedes-Benz S-Class, BMW 7 Series, Chrysler 300C and the discontinued BA and BF Ford Fairlane.[citation needed]

Hiring

See also: Taxi stand

Some taxis waiting for a customer in Truro, England

Most places allow a Taxi to be “hailed” or “flagged” on the side of the street as it is approaching. Another option is a taxi stand (sometimes also called a “cab stand”, “hack stand”, “taxi rank” or “cab rank”). Taxi stands are usually located at airports, railway stations, major retail areas (malls), hotels and other places where a large number of passengers are likely to be found. In some placesapan, for exampleaxi stands are arranged according to the size of the taxis, so that large- and small-capacity cabs line up separately. The taxi at the front of the line, due (barring unusual circumstances) for the next fare.

In the United States, a nut is industry slang for the amount of money a driver has to pay upfront to lease a taxi for a specific period of time. Once that amount is collected in fare, the driver then begins to make a profit. A driver “on the nut” is trying to earn back the initial cost. This varies from city to city though, in Las Vegas, Nevada, all taxicabs are owned and operated by the companies and all drivers are employees (hence no initial cost and earn a percentage of each fare). So “on the nut” simply means to be next in a taxi stand to receive a passenger.

Passengers also commonly call a central dispatch office for taxis. In some jurisdictions private hire vehicles can only be hired from the dispatch office, and must be assigned each fare by the office by radio or phone. Picking up passengers off the street in these areas can lead to suspension or revocation of the driver’s taxi license, or even prosecution.

Other areas may have a mix of the two systems, where drivers may respond to radio calls and also pick up street fares.

Dispatching

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The activity of taxi fleets is usually monitored and controlled by a central office, which provides dispatching, accounting, and human resources services to one or more taxi companies. Taxi owners and drivers usually communicate with the dispatch office through either a 2-way radio or a computer terminal (called a mobile data terminal). Before the innovation of radio dispatch in the 1950s, taxi drivers would use a callbox special telephone at a taxi stando contact the dispatch office.

When a customer calls for a taxi, a trip is dispatched by either radio or computer, via an in-vehicle mobile data terminal, to the most suitable cab. The most suitable cab may either be the one closest to the pick-up address (often determined by GPS coordinates nowadays) or the one that was the first to book in to the “zone” surrounding the pickup address. Cabs are sometimes dispatched from their taxi stands; a call to “Top of the 2″ means that the first cab in line at stand #2 is supposed to pick someone up.

In offices using radio dispatch, taxi locations are often tracked using magnetic pegs on a “board” metal sheet with an engraved map of taxi zones. In computerized dispatch, the status of taxis is tracked by the computer system.

Taxi frequencies are generally licensed in duplex pairs. One frequency is used for the dispatcher to talk to the cabs, and a second frequency is used to the cabs to talk back. This means that the drivers generally cannot talk to each other. Some cabs have a CB radio in addition to the company radio so they can speak to each other.

In the United States, there is a Taxicab Radio Service with pairs assigned for this purpose. A taxi company can also be licensed in the Business Radio Service. Business frequencies in the UHF range are also licensed in pairs to allow for repeaters, though taxi companies usually use the pair for duplex communications.

Some companies don’t operate their own radio system and instead subscribe to an Specialized Mobile Radio system. The conventional radios are most suited to companies that operate within the local area and have a high volume of radio traffic. The SMR is more commonly used by black car services that cover a wider area, and smaller companies who use less airtime and don’t want to run their own radio systems. With the advent of Public Data Networks in the 1990s, operators are beginning to use PDAs and advanced mobile phones for dispatching and tracking functions in lieu of the traditional radio. Some small car services don’t use a dispatcher at all. Instead the customers’ calls are forwarded to the cell phones of whichever drivers are on duty at the time.

Fares

For the distance travelled, the fare for a taxi is usually higher than for other forms of public transport (bus, tram, metro, minicab, train, bike). The fare is not based on the number of people travelling together in a taxi unless it is a ‘maxi-taxi’ (which can carry up to 8 people). Another system is one where more than one customer shares the same taxi and fares are per person. Fares are usually calculated according to a combination of 4 elements: Tariff rate, Initial flagfall or meter drop, distance and waiting time. A taximeter calculates this automatically (“meter” for short and the origin of the word “taxi”). Instead of a metered fare, passengers sometimes pay a flat fare. In some areas, when demand is highor instance, late at night taxi driver may pick up the customer offering the highest bid (this practice may be against the law).

Navigation

The inside of a Japanese taxicab in Kyoto with GPS navigation on board.

Most experienced taxi drivers who have been working in the same city or region for a while would be expected to know the most important streets and places where their customers request to go. However, to aid the process of manual navigation and the taxi driver’s memory (and the customer’s as well at times) a cab driver is usually equipped with a detailed roadmap of the area in which they work. There is also an increasing use of GPS driven navigational systems in the more wealthy countries around the world.

In London, despite the complex and haphazard road layout, such aids have only recently been employed by a small number of ‘black cab’ taxi (as opposed to minicab) drivers. Instead, they are required to undergo a demanding process of learning and testing called The Knowledge. This typically takes around three years and equips them with a detailed command of 25,000 streets within central London, major routes outside this area, and all buildings and other destinations to which passengers may ask to be taken.

Environmental concerns

A Hybrid taxi from EnviroCAB, which is part of the environmentally friendly taxi fleet promoted through the Fresh AIRE program in Arlington, Virginia.

Taxicabs have been both criticized for creating pollution and also hailed as an environmentally responsible alternative to private car use. Because a typical taxi is always cruising the streets, either driving a passenger or looking for a new fare, individual taxicabs see high levels of use. In cities where taxicabs use fossil fuels, this can be a significant source of pollution. On the other hand, having taxis readily available in a city enables some residents to forgo ownership of a car altogether, especially if the city has multiple modes of public transportation available. Some cities, such as Hong Kong, have converted all taxicabs to compressed natural gas. Still other cities, such as Arlington, Virginia have developed street taxi stands so that drivers do not need to cruise the streets to find passengers.[citation needed]

Another concern is ambient pollution affecting the driver and passenger. A project, designed at understanding exposure to air pollution in an urban environment and looking at five transport methods for travelling across London, was carried out by a team from Imperial College London and the Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton.[citation needed]

The results, published in the journal Atmospheric Environment in January 2006, showed that the level of pollution that people are exposed to differs according to the mode of transport that they use. The most risky method of transport was the back seat of a taxicab, followed by travelling by bus, cycling, walking, with a private car exposing people to the lowest amount of pollution.

Alternative fuels and propulsion

Main article: Hybrid taxi

A Brazilian Fiat Siena Tetrafuel taxi in So Paulo. It runs as a flexible-fuel or as a bi-fuel with CNG.

New York City hybrid taxicab – Toyota Prius.

In Australia, nearly all taxis run on LPG, as well as the growing fleet of hybrids.[citation needed] Argentina and the main cities of Brazil have large fleets of taxis running on natural gas. Many Brazilian taxis are flexible-fuel vehicles running on sugarcane ethanol, and some are equipped to run on either natural gas or as a flex-fuel. At least two Brazilian car markers sell these type of bi-fuel vehicles.

San Francisco became in 2005 one of the first cities to introduce hybrids for taxi service, with a fleet of 15 Ford Escape Hybrids. By 2009 hybrids represent 14% of its taxi fleet, and the original Escape Hybrids were retired after 300,000 miles per vehicle. In 2009 15% of New York’s 13,237 taxis in service are hybrids, the most in any city in North America, and also began retiring its original hybrid fleet after 300,000 and 350,00 miles per vehicle.

Chicago is following New York City’s lead by proposing a mandate for Chicago’s entire fleet of 6,700 taxicabs to become hybrid by 1 January 2014. As of 2008 Chicago’s fleet had only 50 hybrid taxicabs. In 2008 Boston mandated that its entire taxi fleet must be converted to hybrids by 2015. Arlington, Virginia also has a small fleet of 85 environmentally friendly hybrid cabs. The green taxi expansion is part of a county campaign known as Fresh AIRE, or Arlington Initiative to Reduce Emissions.

Hybrid taxis are becoming more and more common in Canada, with all new taxis in British Columbia being hybrids, or other fuel efficient vehicles, such as the Toyota Prius or Toyota Corolla. Hybrids such as the Ford Escape Hybrid are slowly being added to the taxicab fleet in Mexico City.[citation needed]

Other cities where taxi service is available with hybrid vehicles include Tokyo, London, Sydney, and Rome.

Regulation

Most taxi markets are heavily controlled, particularly by price regulations and entry restrictions. Several justifications for regulation cite customer safety and satisfaction. Many economists believe, however, that regulation has come at the behest of existing taxi firms that, with reduced competition, can raise prices and capture larger profits. There are now 1400 fewer permits in New York City since taxi regulation became prominent during the Great Depression. This is contrary to greater customer satisfaction. High levels of competition keep prices lower and give taxi drivers the incentive to treat customers with more care.

The majority of economists agree taxi deregulation would be beneficial in making existing markets more efficient. In instances where deregulation does not provide significant improvements, they often point out that deregulation has been quite limited.

International Trade Association

Established in 1917, the Taxicab, Limousine & Paratransit Association (TLPA) is a non-profit trade association of and for the private passenger transportation industry. The membership spans the globe to include 1,100 taxicab companies, executive sedan and limousine services, airport shuttle fleets, non-emergency medical transportation companies, and paratransit services.

See also

Automobile

Cabriolet (carriage)

Carry On Cabby

Chauffeur

Hybrid electric vehicle

Illegal taxicab operation

Limousine

London Cabbie

New Mobility Agenda

Taxicab number

Taxi wars in South Africa

References

^ taximeter, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, Bartleby, 2000

^ Web-page (in French) at http://www.herodote.net/histoire/evenement.php?jour=18260810 (retrieved 13 June, 2008)

^ http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/180/why-does-every-city-seem-to-have-a-yellow-cab-company

^ http://speakouttnt.com/2009/03/attic-supports-crackdown-on-illegal-ph-taxis/

^ Swiss teacher starts China leg of global solar taxi tour. Xinhua News.

^ http://www.gacetadeltaxi.com/contenido-573.html

^ “The Knowledge Boys”, Scientific American Frontiers

^ http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/taxi_book.pdf “Taxi 07 Roads Forward”, page 135

^ “Taking A Taxi Could Increase Your Exposure To Pollution”, Science Daily, 11 January 2006

^ Christine Lepisto (2006-08-27). “Fiat Siena Tetra Power: Your Choice of Four Fuels”. Treehugger. http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/08/fiat_sienna_tetr.php. Retrieved 2008-08-24. 

^ “Nouvelle Fiat Siena 2008: sans complexe” (in French). Caradisiac. 2007-11-01. http://news.caradisiac.com/Nouvelle-Fiat-Siena-2008-sans-complexe-359. Retrieved 2008-08-31. 

^ GNVNews (November 2006). “Montadores Investem nos Carros GNV” (in Portuguese). Institutio Brasileiro de Petroleo e Gas. http://www.bigas.com.br/sistema/?modulo=gnvnews&acao=abrir&id=22. Retrieved 2008-09-20. 

^ a b “Ford US Hybrid Sales Up 73% for First 9 Months of 2009; Total US Hybrid Sales Down 14% for Same Period”. Green Car Congress. 2009-10-14. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/10/fords-us-hybrid-sales-up-73-for-first-9-months-of-2009-total-us-hybrid-sales-down-14-for-same-period.html. Retrieved 2009-10-17. 

^ Fred Gober. “Hybrid taxis slowly catching on in the west”. Infotaxi. http://www.infotaxi.org/article_142.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-17. 

^ “City Council Wants All-Hybrid Taxi Fleet By 2014″. CBS Chicago. 2008-06-12. http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/hybrid.taxis.aldermen.2.746761.html. Retrieved 2009-10-25. 

^ “Boston’s taxi fleet to go hybrid by 2015″. The Boston Globe. 2008-08-29. http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2008/08/bostons_taxi_fl.html. Retrieved 2009-10-17. 

^ “Arlinton County: Board Gives Go-Ahead to Eco-Friendly Taxicabs”. The Washington Post. 2007-09-07. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/19/AR2007091902438.html. Retrieved 2009-10-17. 

^ “Trend Watch: Taxis Go Green to Save Cash, Emissions, and Oil”. Greencar.com. 2009-03-29. http://www.greencar.com/articles/trend-watch-taxis-green-save-cash-emissions-oil.php. Retrieved 2009-10-17. 

^ Moore, Adrian T and Ted Balaker. “Do Economists Reach a Conclusion on Taxi Deregulation?” (January 2006).

^ Moore, Adrian T and Ted Balaker. “Do Economists Reach a Conclusion on Taxi Deregulation?” (January 2006).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Taxis

BBC America: Ask a Cabby

Taxicab, Limousine, and Paratransit Association

Mayor Bloomberg announces taxi fleet to be fully hybrid by 2012.

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Public transport timetable  On-time performance  Short turn

Other

Boarding  Destination sign  Exit fare  Fare evasion  Hail and ride  Public transport security  Request stop  Rollsign  Transit police

Categories: TaxicabsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from May 2009 | All articles needing additional references | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 | Articles needing additional references from April 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 | Articles needing additional references from December 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010

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Western medicine tablets drug class is most varieties, one of the largest-selling pharmaceutical dosage forms. Packaging materials for pharmaceutical tablets direct contact with drugs, should therefore be considered a class of pharmaceutical packaging. Drugs are a special commodity, its efficacy and quality is directly related to human health and safety, the use of packaging materials and structures form in the need to ensure efficacy, it is also plays a drug used to ensure the reliability, convenience role, Therefore, as a pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises in the selection of packaging materials, to understand the packaging materials, containers, some properties and characteristics in order to combine the special requirements of certain drugs, reasonable and accurate selection of medicinal packaging materials.

   Pharmaceutical tablet plastic bottles

    The 20th century, 80 years, as China continued from abroad of advanced pharmaceutical plastic bottle production line, with “plastic” generation “glass,” the prelude to the start began, from large volumes of glass bottles, brown bottles gradually withdraw this drug tablet packaging a field, replaced by a pharmaceutical plastic bottles, which are mainly non-toxic polymers such as PE, PP, PC, PET as the main raw material, the use of advanced plastic molding process and equipment for production of pharmaceutical plastic bottles, Main dress all kinds of oral tablets, capsules, capsule and liquid formulations of solid dosage forms of drugs.

    Medical plastic bottles greatest feature is the quality of light, non-friable, clean, beautiful, drug manufacturers do not have dry cleaning can be used directly. And its number of technical indicators and a large number of data indicate that its chemical resistance, water vapor permeability of excellent sealing performance, it completely loaded drugs can be played in the life of the security shield protection. Variety in the use of materials on the high-density polyethylene bottles (HDPE), polypropylene bottles (PP), polycarbonate bottles (PC), polyester bottles (PET), 20 century and the early 90s, foreign developed a blow molding bottle body of new material poly-dimethyl Diethyl naphthalene (PEN) plastic bottles, PET is more superior than its nature, its high strength, good heat resistance, resistance to ultraviolet radiation, carbon dioxide gas and oxygen barrier properties of excellent chemical resistance properties of Well, the use of PET more widely than, PEN material is a positive development at home and abroad in recent years, a new polyester resin, is also an excellent drug packaging materials, plastic bottles.

    Select bottles principles, since a number of pharmaceutical plastic bottle size, small dozen ml, large thousands of milliliters, some colorless, some transparent, various colors and shapes in various categories. The face of colorful plastic bottle market as pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises in the selection of plastic bottles, the main grasp the following principles: first, choose plastic bottles main raw materials, auxiliary formula. Solid plastic bottles of product standards, respectively, the applicable provisions of the main raw material, and must comply with non-toxic, no odor, etc., available for use because there are a variety of the main raw materials, which need to be comprehensive performance of raw materials selection, general tablet use high-density polyethylene, polypropylene bottles, such as the need for transparency in the choice of PET bottles, such as pharmaceuticals require a higher barrier properties, and blocking light, opaque, then the choice of brown PET bottles, better barrier properties of PEN bottles. Liquid drug formulations in general use polypropylene bottles or PET bottles as the main raw material. Two, a bottle body and lid seal, water vapor permeability. Sealing and water vapor permeability of plastic bottles is a medical technology are two important indicators, they charge plays a crucial importance for the stability of the impact. 3, plastic bottles of product quality standards. From the production plant product quality standards in product quality can be analyzed to determine the pros and cons. Medical Plastic Bottle business should be to develop stricter than national standards, industry-standard enterprise standard. 4, the quality assurance system. Audits of suppliers has become an essential purchase an important part of plastic bottles. Through audits, can plant in software and hardware facilities, technical equipment, comprehensive level of quality, the right to make a comprehensive assessment. 5, plastic bottles charge stability and compatibility. Use plastic bottles, in particular, drug use new plastic bottles (or new materials, new processes) should be advanced packing and drug trials to examine the stability and plastic bottles charge compatibility between drug. Drugs, plastic bottle material inter-penetration, dissolution, adsorption, chemical reaction, denaturation must be determined by scientific testing.

    Pharmaceutical tablet blister packing

    Pharmaceutical blister packaging, also known as bubble eyes packaging, pharmaceutical tablets, compared with the bottle, blister packaging of the biggest advantages is the easy to carry, and can reduce the drugs to carry and use the process of pollution. But as often in patients with a view to medication, there is a single large dose, making blister packaging unit costs are significantly higher than that of bottled medicines, a number of pharmaceutical companies, often driving the price higher, high technology and new types of drug use bubble cover packaging are most common. Blister packaging material used mainly to “PTP” Medicinal hard aluminum foil and plastic film. Pharmaceutical aluminum foil is sealed in plastic film on the hard-sealing material, it hard for industrial use aluminum as a substrate, with non-toxic, corrosion-resistant, non-penetration, resistance heat, moisture, high-temperature sterilization may be blocking light and so on. Hard plastic sheet material is usually selected polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), or composite materials. Their water, steam, light has good barrier properties.

    Pharmaceutical blister packaging material of choice for the basic principles of

    A, medicinal aluminum foil material selection issues and principles: demand-side before the introduction of PTP aluminum foil, first entered into procurement contracts with suppliers. In the contract technical requirements for products must specify: the product name, size (width and thickness requirements), printing color, aluminum foil roll arrangement of the direction and position of the text; aluminum foil structure, and adhesive coating weight, coating color availability requirements, packaging requirements.

    Second, use of medicinal rigid plastic or composite materials, the basic principles of film: ordinary tablet drugs, less demanding on the moisture resistant polyvinyl chloride that can be selected (PVC) rigid film. To have the moisture and antioxidant requirements, or require a longer shelf-life of drugs can choose a hard PET film, PP rigid film. Composite Hard films are: PVC and PVDC composite sheets (PVC / PVDC) or polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene and polyvinylidene chloride (PVC / PE / PVDC) composite films. Oral, suppository medicines can choose PVC and polyethylene composite film (PVC / PE). Select Hard-chip pharmaceutical blister packaging materials, the general procedure: a, according to the nature and shelf-life of drugs required to choose what kind of a hard polymer film, may consult the specific drug packaging material production enterprise technical experts, or material testing, we should fully taking into account the commonality of equipment, the appearance of novelty, of the lowest cost. b, carried out tests on the machine to determine the drug packaging materials, equipment and product quality and appearance of the applicability of the satisfaction. c, good stability, compatibility test, each drug will have to do, because a variety of drugs of a different nature. d, to the drug packaging materials, manufacturers of environmental, equipment, technology, quality management and other related elements of the review; and drug packaging materials manufacturer jointly identify drug packaging materials, raw materials, formulations and materials, packaging materials, product structure and standards, and finally signed the agreement.

    Pharmaceutical tablets with the aluminum bar compound film packing

    For some of the larger pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms or UV-sensitive, hygroscopicity strong, and require heat cold, and asked a long period and improve the packaging of pharmaceutical-grade tablets of choice, they use a bar composite film packaging, referred to as SP . It is the use of a two-tier medical strip packaging film (SP) film into tablets in the middle, separated by a certain distance between the units of medicine, in the strip packing machines of medicines around the two SP membranes inside the heat sealing seal between drugs pressure on the Indented, forming a unit package format (single package or rows form a small package). Strips in the strip packing machine continuous operation, particularly suitable for high-volume automated packaging. Dispensary, it can tear down the SP membrane can be Indented. Strip packaging film has a certain tensile strength and elongation, suitable for a variety of shapes and sizes of the drugs, and packaged close to built-in medicine, not easy to produce rupture and wrinkles. At present, more widespread use of the aluminum-plastic composite film, such as cellophane and aluminum foil and polyethylene (PT / AL / PE), polyester and aluminum foil and polyethylene (PET / AL / PE), or aluminum foil and plastic film in order to stick compounding or extrusion laminated composite mixture made from the grass-roots, printing layer, barrier layer, sealing layer, grass-roots outside, including the sealing layer, barrier layer, printing layer in the middle. Base materials require excellent mechanical properties, good glossy print, transparency, good barrier properties, safe non-toxic, and no sealing ability. Typical materials are polyester (PET), cellophane (PT), and with a PVDC coated cellophane. Barrier layer should be good on gas and moisture barrier properties, not by bacteria and microorganisms, excellent mechanical properties, there is a certain elongation, cold and heat, safe non-toxic material is a typical soft aluminum foil. However, this soft aluminum foil opaque, itself does not rust, shading and strong. If the bar needs to be transparent packaging films, they have to make use of PVDC barrier layer materials. PVDC barrier layer materials to make its most important feature is the gas, water vapor barrier properties superior. Sealing layer is the inner membrane strips, good sealing, while chemical stability and safety and health of the general use of low-density polyethylene material.

    Pharmaceutical companies the choice of drug packaging composite film, must be made by pharmaceutical properties (moisture, oxidation, Medicine Smell reservations, etc.) and shelf life is determined primarily on the basis of quality characteristics of pharmaceutical requirements, combined with characteristics of composite products choose to use, the following Medical composite membrane provides several features for reference: a, general composite membrane: Composite structure of polyester with aluminum foil and polyethylene (PET / AL / PE), is characterized by a good printing adaptability, good for drugs gas, the moisture barrier. b, medicinal easy tear strip composite films: composite structure in cellophane and polyethylene and aluminum foil compound (PT / PE / AL / PE). Characteristics are: easy to tear with a good, user-friendly access to products to consumers. Good gas, vapor barrier to ensure that the contents a longer shelf life. Applicable to effervescent agent, Paint, tablet capsules and other pharmaceutical packaging. c, paper plastic composite films: composite structure to paper and polyethylene and aluminum foil composite (paper / PE / AL / PE), characterized by: a good printing and good stiffness. The gas or water has good barrier properties can ensure a longer shelf life medicines.

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