If you are pondering over this question, “how to get back with my ex girlfriend” please understand that this is a very delicate situation. Feelings may be badly hurt on both ends and anything that you may do now or not do may cause even more hurt.
Read more on How to Get Back With My Ex Girlfriend – 5 Steps That Will Not Fail You…
The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.
Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…
The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.
Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…
There are times when your relationship suddenly falls apart and either one or both of you may doubt whether it is all over especially if the relationship is new. Some men simply cannot reconcile to the fact that their girlfriend dumped them and so they hope to get back with their girlfriend again. If you are asking, “How can I get back together with my ex girlfriend”, it is important to plan your moves ahead.
Read more on How Can I Get Back Together With My Ex Girlfriend – Nothing Is Impossible…
Relationships are delicate and need to be nurtured with loving dedication to make them grow strong. Sadly, everything is not as rosy as we would like it to be. When relationships are broken, they drain us of all our emotions, feelings, ability to think clearly and in acute cases, even our physical well being.
Read more on Get Back at Your Ex – 5 Ideas…
Have you just gone through a break up? Are you thinking how to get an ex back? Many people experience some sort of a break up but most of them just concentrate on moving on rather than searching for a way to get an ex back. If you are not a part of that league and you want to work towards how to get an ex back, then here are some tips for you. Does a break up mean that there are no chances of getting back together with your ex?
Read more on How To Get An Ex Back – Know What You Are Doing…
As we get older, joint pain becomes more of an issue. This can mainly be due to the thinning of the cartilage and as a result arthitis begins to take a hold. Sure enough, we crave natural joint pain relief and strive to find that perfect solution that will allow us to carry on with our lives pain free. Below are some strategies to bring you that desired pain relief.
China Gems & Jewelry Trade Association predicts that by 2110, China's jewelry sales will be more than 200 billion yuan. In the jewelry consumption, Jade annual sales of about 400 billion yuan.
    China's jewelry industry, though started late, but the rapid development, especially since 2001, the industry with more than 15% of the annual rate of rapid growth, exports increased more than 20% for several consecutive years. Jewelry and related industry employees from the original 2 million people to today's nearly 300 million people. Development of the industry, but also the domestic jewelry consumer market to promote the rapid growth and great market potential. Jewelry is becoming the housing, cars, the Chinese people's third-largest consumer. According to statistics, in 2006, China's jewelry sales reached 150 billion yuan, 170 billion yuan last year's breakthrough. China Gems & Jewelry Trade Association predicts that by 2110, China's jewelry sales will be more than 200 billion yuan. In the jewelry consumption, Jade annual sales of about 400 billion yuan.
    Jewelry School of China University of Geosciences Dr. Ren Jin believes that Jade jewelry in the domestic market, strong performance was mainly due to better preservation Jade, value-added property, in accordance with domestic population and aesthetic taste of traditional jewelry consumption. Jade prosperity of the domestic market, another important reason is that, with the accelerated process of internationalization of the domestic jewelry industry, the rapid development of the concept of creative and stylish design and the use of new technology, to traditional Jade has injected new vitality into .
    According to insiders, due to depletion of mineral resources, Jade, the real top grade less and less the value of the next emerald will continue to soar. However, the relatively low-grade materials and resources, will not be much change in high-grade jade material have more room to rise. Jade have some mid-range because of the beauty and preservation value, with price not too high, to enhance their market acceptance, and has become the new darling of investors.
Read more on China Jade annual sales of approximately 40 billion yuan…
Species of flowering for many years Echinopsis positive occasion, he was a neighbor pulled out. Yesterday, who lives in the village of Baoshan District, Riverside 2 Ma angrily to the newspaper reflected the thought of plants in hot summer and neighbors to add their own cool, the plan has damaged them. The understanding, most people are worrying about attracting mosquitoes, is now climbing plants constantly being "cold", this summer the city departments are also often encountered in green have been planted green wall under the circumstances have been eliminated.
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    The eco-garden expert dating hot summer season, housing covered with Peak, Ivy and Ivy and other climbing plants, the indoor temperature can drop 2 to 4 degrees Celsius, and can save the energy consumption of 20% to 40%. But people move for fear of these insects snake plants, many species of climbing plants on the house, this summer has been off most of the "green coat." It is reported that the City Parks Division Fenglin Road in the city and the Huangpu District, the walls of some of the buildings, experimental planting more than 40,000 strains of climbing plants. However, this summer, in addition to retain part of the Maple Road area has green walls, other walls have been eradicated green. Residents that, while never a large number of mosquitoes and lizards into the room, but worried about the damage the wall walls and other green hidden.
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    This reporter has learned, through Fenglin Road in the city to try to grow climbing plants such as sections, the results show that if the residents to ensure there is no stagnant water, bay windows, you will not be a large number of mosquito breeding situation. As for the lizards and other animals rarely live in the city center. Green experts believe that Shanghai has spent great efforts in recent years in the open green space in the city, its landscape and leisure benefits although very impressive, but there is limited cooling effect. Complete without accounting for the other Vertical green land, but has a wide range of potential benefits. Therefore, the public may also wish to accept the climber, so Manqiang the Ivy brought in a cool summer.
Read more on Peak flowering was uprooted neighbors fear that attract mosquitoes…
Tenth Meeting of the Eleventh National People's Congress first considered the "The People's Republic of China Renewable Energy Law Amendment (Draft)." Now "The People's Republic of China Renewable Energy Law Amendment (Draft)" and the draft instructions released on the website in the Chinese National People's Congress, made public for comments.
The community people can go to the China National People's Congress Network (www.npc.gov.cn) views, the views can also be sent to the NPC Standing Committee (AC, Xicheng District, Beijing, China, Lane 23, Postal Code: 100 805, the envelope please specify the draft amendment to the Renewable Energy Law for comments). Deadline for Comments: September 30, 2009.
The People's Republic of China Renewable Energy Law Amendment (Draft)
The Eleventh National People's Congress Standing Committee meeting, decided to "The People's Republic of China Renewable Energy Law" to make the following modifications:
1, the eighth is amended as: "The State Council Energy competent departments shall, according to the national renewable energy development and utilization of the total medium and long term goals, energy development strategy and development of renewable energy technologies, establishment of national renewable energy development and utilization of the State Council for approval and implementation.
Relevant State Council departments should help to promote the development of renewable energy development and utilization of the national total long-term goal of achieving the relevant planning.
Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities manage the work of the department together with the energy level people's governments, according to the national renewable energy development planning, according to the administrative area of renewable energy development and utilization of long-term objectives, the preparation of the administrative region may be development and utilization of renewable energy implementation plan, by this level for approval, the State Council department in charge of energy and national electricity regulatory body for the record, and organize the implementation.
Approved plans should be publicized; However, state regulations, except the contents be kept confidential.
Approved plans need to be amended, subject to the original approving authority. "
Second, the Article be amended as: "the preparation of renewable energy development planning and implementation planning, it should be according to local conditions, overall planning, rational distribution, the principle of orderly development. Planning should include the development of objectives, major tasks, the regional layout, key projects, implementation progress, service system and protection measures.
Organizations prepare organs should listen to the views of experts and the public for scientific proof. "
3, the 14th increase in two articles, as the first, second paragraph: "The State to implement renewable energy generation full protection of the acquisition system.
The State Council department in charge of energy together with the State Electricity Regulatory agencies and the State Council financial departments, according to the national renewable energy development planning, development of a national renewable energy generating capacity of the annual purchase targets and implementation plan to identify and publish on the power grid enterprises should reach full protection of the acquisition of renewable energy generating capacity of the minimum targets. State Electricity Regulatory agencies responsible for monitoring the implementation of minimum target. "
The third paragraph was revised to: "Power companies should be based on the minimum indicators of the preceding paragraph, and legally obtained administrative license or submit the record of renewable energy power generation and network companies signed an agreement to acquire not less than the minimum target renewable energy and power grid projects online. obliged to meet the power generation business enterprise, ensuring network security. "
Be added as a fourth paragraph: "Power grid enterprises should strengthen the planning and construction, to expand the scope of renewable energy power configuration, development and application of advanced technologies such as smart grid, improve power system operation management, improve the absorption of renewable energy power the ability to provide for renewable energy generation Internet services. "
Four, Diershitiao amended as: "Power Grid in accordance with Article XIX of this Law to determine the electricity price for renewable energy power purchase costs incurred, in accordance with conventional energy generation than the average electricity price calculated by the occurrence of The difference between the cost from the national to the
Pin
Renewable energy in electricity sales tariff levied additional compensation. Additional inclusion of renewable energy electricity renewable energy development fund management. "
Read more on Renewable Energy Law, the draft amendment to the public for comments…
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   Three days ago, we published an "inverter type
Air conditioning
The highest energy efficiency energy-saving list but no one on board, "article, article, has indicated frequency conversion technology, more energy efficient refrigeration equipment does, but because of technical
Standard
The problem is not on board, "Energy List" (up to primary and secondary energy efficiency standards and in accordance with "energy efficiency labeling management approach" for the record), but the reader still does not understand this, and asked in the end, "Frequency" is not "saving" in .
Start with energy efficiency
?? In fact, the concept of energy efficiency we have said many times. The development of our time, inverter air conditioner is relatively short, not put against the inverter air conditioner
Test
Standards, is still to use fixed-speed air-conditioning test. Since the two have never been a class of things, so of course, inverter air conditioner energy efficiency ratio and fixed-speed air-conditioning can not be directly compared, as can not be directly compared
Mobile
And the same plane which is better.
?? In Japan, the air conditioning energy efficiency have been reached about 4.0, because in Japan more than 95% are used in frequency conversion air-conditioning, they are used in the calculation of seasonal energy efficiency ratio, which is used in China fixed speed air conditioning energy efficiency ratio of single-point calculations, this method of calculation of the inverter air conditioner itself is unreasonable, according to the Japanese that a more reasonable method of calculation, our current inverter air conditioner energy efficiency would not be present 3 Following the subject, but should be between 3.5 to 4.5. Because inverter air conditioner control air conditioning in the dynamics of the operation, but most of the time in the low frequency inverter air conditioner is working under the state of inverter air conditioner energy efficiency in the low frequency is very high, generally above 5.0, which is why Japan with more reasonable SEER EER without a single point of reason.
??
?? Say energy
?? This one that you will understand, in fact, of course, high efficiency inverter air conditioner is entirely familiar. The reason why the recently released "Energy-saving air-conditioning List" There is no mention inverter air conditioner, because this is not a level of competition for fixed-speed variable frequency air-conditioning and air-conditioning energy saving is too bully than the fixed speed air conditioning was.
?? In a relatively closed environment (open air of course, close the windows), prolonged use of its energy saving inverter air conditioner is obvious.
?? The State Council Development Research Center of Market Economy Institute deputy director Lu Renbo on this "energy-saving air-conditioning Bang" also expressed understanding. Now do more professional inverter air conditioner
Hisense
,
Haier
New subjects such as enterprise, Hisense, new products and more families are as variable frequency air conditioning, so no part in the list, Haier was by virtue of its high-quality fixed speed air conditioning top the popular list.
?? Finally, please note the following criteria: 1 September, the number of
Marketplace
Sale of energy efficiency will not reach 2.6 (National Standard 5) air-conditioning products. The energy efficiency of 3.2 (second-class standard) or more to become "energy-saving air-conditioning," national standard is 3.4, Hisense, etc.
Brand
The inverter air conditioner is usually the minimum energy efficiency ratio will reach more than 3.4.
Read more on Interpretation: appliance energy efficiency labeling regulations…
C4 (Typ 4A, 19911994)
Audi C4 S4
Audi C4 S4 saloon “Ur-S4″ (Europe)
Also called
“Ur-S4″, Typ 4A
Production start
August 1991
Production end
July 1994
Successor
Audi C4 S6, Audi B5 S4
Body style(s)
4-door saloon/sedan
5-door Avant (estate/wagon)
Platform
Volkswagen Group C4
Engine(s)
2.2 L I5 20v DOHC turbo (08/91-07/94)
4.2 L V8 32v 2xDOHC(10/92-07/94)
Transmission(s)
5-speed manual
6-speed manual
4-speed automatic
Wheelbase
2,692 mm (106.0 in)
Length
4,7904,982 mm (188.6196.1 in)
Width
1,803 mm (71.0 in)
Height
1,443 mm (56.8 in)
Kerb weight
saloon: 1,730 kg (3,814 lb),
Avant: 1,780 kg (3,924 lb)
Fuel capacity
80 L (17.6 imp gal; 21.1 US gal)
Related
Audi C4 100
Audi C4 A6
Audi C4 S6
See also: Audi Ur-S4 / Ur-S6 and Audi S6#C4
Factory production of the original Audi S4 (Typ 4A) began in August 1991 to serve as the performance version of the newly updated C4 platform 100 four-door, five-seat saloon. It was designed to replace the outgoing C3 based Audi 200 quattro turbo, which had been Audi’s first true sports-saloon and had been discontinued at the end of 1990. Being the first S4 model from Audi, it is commonly referred to as the Ur-S4, derrived from the German: Ursprnglich augmentive word (meaning: original).
Audi mildly updated the C4-based model line in 1994 and dropped the 100 nomenclature; all variants of the former Audi 100 line were now re-badged as the Audi A6. In line with the switch in model name, Audi temporarily discontinued the use of the S4 name and began selling an updated but fundamentally identical version of the car, based on the “new” A6 and badged as S6. Despite the change in name, differences between the outgoing S4 and incoming S6 were primarily cosmetic.
A more powerful, more expensive and more exclusive variant known first as the S4 Plus and later as the S6 Plus was available from October 1992 through to July 1994. Built in very small numbers, the “Plus” models featured numerous performance enhancing upgrades; including the use of Audi’s 4.2 litre V8 engine in place of the then current inline-five engine.
An all-new C5-based Audi A6 debuted for 1997, after which the S4 and S6 became distinctly separate models based on very different platforms.
The C4 variant S4 ended factory production after less than three years in July 1994.
C4 powertrain
In standard form, the powertrain detail of the C4-based S4 was available with only one engine, a single turbocharged and intercooled version of Audis 2.2 litre 20-valve inline five cylinder engine This displaced 2,226 cubic centimetres (135.8 cu in) and was equipped with an advanced Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU). This engine (parts code prefix: 034, identification code: AAN), developed a DIN-rated motive power output of 169 kilowatts (230 PS; 227 bhp) at 5,900 revolutions per minute (rpm) and 350 newton metres (258 ftlbf) of torque 1,950 rpm. This powerplant made it rather powerful by contemporary standards, and the vehicle with five-speed manual transmission was able to accelerate from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1 mph) in just 6.2 seconds.
Both five- and six-speed manual transmissions (parts code prefix: 01E, identification codes: five-speed: CBD, CET, six-speed: CBL, CMG) were offered to European customers, but a five-speed manual was the only transmission available in North America; a four-speed automatic transmission (parts code prefix: 01F, identification code: CBF) was available as an option worldwide. Front and rear axle final drive ratio is either 4.111 or 3.889 (dependent on transmission type), and the rear axle (parts code prefix: 017, identification codes: AAT, AET) uses a driver-selectable electro-pneumatic-mechanical switchable diff lock.
Audi’s quattro four-wheel-drive system was standard on the C4 S4/S6; a first-generation Torsen-based system – which used the “T-1″ automatically biasing centre differential (ATB) was used on vehicles equipped with manual transmissions, while a transfer box based system was used on vehicles equipped with an automatic transmission.
S4/S6 “Plus” models equipped with a 4.2 litre 206 kilowatts (280 PS; 276 bhp) all-aluminium alloy V8 engine (parts code prefix: 077, identification code: ABH) became available to European customers as an option from October 1992, only with the six-speed manual gearbox, in either saloon or Avant bodystyles.
C4 steering, brakes, wheels & tyres
All C4 S4s’ came equipped as standard with a conventional fixed-assistance rack and pinion power assisted steering (PAS) system. An electronically controlled ’servotronic’ system, which varied the level of assistance in accordance with the road speed, was available as an option.
There were two different types of high performance brake systems on offer for the C4 S4. All S4s’ initially had 310 millimetres (12.20 in) diameter by 25 millimetres (0.984 in) thick, radially ventilated disc brakes up front, each with an ATE single-piston sliding caliper inside a ‘UFO’ styled bell-shaped disc. With the introduction of the V8 engine, a new front brake setup became standard; again the discs used radial ventilation, but these front discs were now sized at 314 millimetres (12.36 in) by 30 millimetres (1.181 in) – with a conventionally mounted Lucas-Girling caliper in an external position over the disc. The rear brakes, 269 millimetres (10.59 in) by 20 millimetres (0.787 in) and also radially ventilated – remained the same throughout C4 production; they used a Lucas-Girling single-piston sliding caliper with an integrated cable-actuated handbrake mechanism. A Bosch three-channel operation (four-channel sensing) Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) with a mechanical load sensing valve for the rear brakes was standard throughout production.
For roadwheel options, the standard six-arm “Avus” forged alloy wheels were 7.5Jx16H2 ET37, and were shod with 225/50 R16 sized tyres. Three other tyre and roadwheel designs were optionally available: a 7.5Jx15H2 ET40 six-spoke with 215/60 R15 tyres, a 8.0Jx16H2 ET40 five-double-spoke, and a 8.0Jx17H2 ET40 ten-spoke.
B5 (Typ 8D, 19972001)
Audi B5 S4 quattro
Audi B5 S4 saloon
Also called
Typ 8D
Production start
October 1997
Production end
September 2001
Predecessor
Audi C4 S4
Successor
Audi B6 S4
Body style(s)
4-door saloon/sedan
5-door Avant (estate/wagon)
Platform
Volkswagen Group B5
Engine(s)
2.7 L V6 30v 2xDOHC ‘biturbo’
Transmission(s)
6-speed manual,
5-speed ZF 5HP19 tiptronic automatic
Wheelbase
2,615 mm (103.0 in)
Length
4,483 mm (176.5 in)
Width
1997-99: 1,733 mm (68.2 in)
2000-02: 1,848 mm (72.8 in)
Height
saloon: 1,396 mm (55.0 in)
Avant: 1,418 mm (55.8 in)
Kerb weight
1,535 kg (3,384 lb) to
1,680 kg (3,704 lb)
Fuel capacity
62 L (13.6 imp gal; 16.4 US gal)
Related
Audi B5 A4, Audi B5 RS4
Audi B5 S4 Avant
The second generation S4 (Typ 8D), now correctly titled Audi S4 quattro debuted in 1997, with factory production commencing October 1997, as part of the facelifted B5 platform Audi A4 line-up, although it wasn’t available in North America until late 1999.
In addition to the saloon (sedan), an estate version (wagon) – the Audi S4 Avant, was introduced into the lineup from 1998. Production of the B5 S4 ceased in September 2001, although it was still sold together with the next B6 platform generation through 2002 in North America.
Several years after it was sold new, the B5 S4 remains a potent enthusiast car, and as featured in the December 2007 issue of Sport Compact Car magazine, a Torque Factory tuned S4 won a comparison test against several other extreme performance cars.
B5 powertrain
The powertrain detail of the B5 S4 features a 2.7 litre twin-turbo (‘biturbo’) 90 third-generation V6 engine (parts code prefix: 078, identification codes: AGB, AZB). Detail of the powerplant includes a cast iron cylinder block with two lightweight aluminium alloy cylinder heads. The valvetrain includes 30 valves (five valves per cylinder), twin hybrid-driven (timing belt and roller chain) double overhead camshafts and variable valve timing for the inlet valves. The charged intake air is cooled with the aid of two side-mounted intercoolers (SMICs). It displaces 2,671 cubic centimetres (163.0 cu in), and is DIN rated to produce a motive power output of 195 kilowatts (265 PS; 261 bhp) at 5,800 revolutions per minute (rpm), and generates 400 newton metres (295 ftlbf) of torque at 1,850 rpm. Engine management was by way of a Bosch Motronic ME 7.1 (7.0 in North America) electronic engine control unit (ECU), and helped it meet the European EU-3D emissions standard. For a short time scale (08/98-12/98) in the North American market, the engine was slightly detuned to meet US emissions regulations, output was reduced to 187 kilowatts (254 PS; 251 bhp) and 350 newton metres (258 ftlbf) (identification code: APB).
As in the previous S4, a six-speed C90 manual transmission (parts code prefix: 01E, identification code: DSY) gear ratios- 1st: 3.500, 2nd: 1.889, 3rd: 1.231, 4th: 0.967, 5th: 0.806, 6th: 0.684) was standard equipment, as was the Torsen T-2 quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. Final drive (parts code prefix: 01H, identification code: DQA) ratio is 4.111. A five-speed ZF 5HP19 tiptronic automatic transmission (parts code prefix:01V) became available for the first time as an option.
The B5 S4 claims acceleration from 0 to 100 kilometres per hour (0.0 to 62.1 mph) in 5.6 seconds, and had an electronically-limited top speed of 250 km/h (155.3 mph), making it both the quickest saloon/sedan in the Audi model line, and among the quickest saloon/sedans in the world at that time.
B5 brakes, wheels & tyres
The B5 S4 brake system consisted of radially ventilated discs, 321 millimetres (12.64 in) in diameter by 30 mm (1.18 in) thick up front, and 256 mm (10.08 in) by 22 mm (0.87 in) at the rear. Two-piston Lucas HP2 brake calipers at the front (with four pads per caliper), with Lucas single-piston sliding brake calipers at the rear. A Bosch ABS 5.3 four-channel Anti-lock Braking System (with Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) and Electronic Differential Lock (EDL) – and later with ESP or Electronic Stability Programme), coupled with a vacuum servo completed the system.
Standard roadwheels were Audi’s die-cast aluminium alloy six-arm ‘Avus’ 7.5Jx17H2 ET45 alloy wheels, shod with 225/45 ZR17 performance tyres.
B5 motorsport
A motor racing version of the car achieved great success in the SpeedVision World Challenge with Michael Galati taking the 2001 SpeedVision GT title in a Champion Racing S4, winning four races, and helping Audi to its first Manufacturers’ Championship.
The Audi Sport specification Champion A4 chassis included a B5 RS4 engine, and Alcon racing brake calipers – 4-pot fronts and 2-pot rears.
B6 (Typ 8E/8H, 20032005)
Audi B6 S4 quattro
Audi B6 S4 Cabriolet (US)
Also called
Typ 8E (saloon & Avant),
Typ 8H (Cabrio)
Production start
Mar 2003; Cabrio: Feb 2004
Production end
Dec 2004; Cabrio: Dec 2005
Predecessor
Audi B5 S4
Successor
Audi B7 S4
Body style(s)
4-door saloon/sedan,
5-door Avant (estate/wagon),
2-door Cabriolet
Platform
Volkswagen Group B6 (PL46)
Engine(s)
4.2 L V8 40v 2xDOHC
Transmission(s)
6-speed Getrag manual,
6-speed ZF 6HP19 tiptronic automatic
Wheelbase
2,651 mm (104.4 in),
Cabrio: 2,654 mm (104.5 in)
Length
4,575 mm (180.1 in),
Cabrio: 4,573 mm (180.0 in)
Width
1,781 mm (70.1 in),
Cabrio: 1,778 mm (70.0 in)
Height
1,415 mm (55.7 in),
Cabrio: 1,391 mm (54.8 in)
Kerb weight
saloon: 1,660 kg (3,660 lb),
Avant: 1,720 kg (3,792 lb),
Cabrio: 1,855 kg (4,090 lb)
Fuel capacity
66 L (14.5 imp gal; 17.4 US gal)
Related
Audi B6 A4
B6 S4 saloon
Audi B6 S4 Avant
The third generation Audi S4 quattro (Typ 8E saloon: 8E2, Avant: 8E5, and Cabriolet: 8H7) debuted its saloon and Avant bodystyles in Europe in March 2003, and appeared in North America slightly later.[when?] This was based on the latest Volkswagen Group B6 (PL46) platform used by the then current Audi B6 A4. Despite having moved to an entirely new platform, one of the S4’s most publicised new features was its new internal combustion engine – a 4.2 litre V8 engine. Following its initial launch of either a four-door five-seat saloon (sedan), or a five-door five-seat Avant (estate/wagon), it eventually became available in three bodystyles – and for the first time in the Audi ‘S’ car range, from February 2004, a two-door four-seat Cabriolet (convertible), Typ 8H, was included in the model range.
Official performance figures for standard discipline of sprinting from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1 mph) in the saloon with manual transmission are 5.6 seconds (Avant 5.8 s, Cabriolet 5.9 s), however, a road test conducted by the American automotive magazine Motor Trend indicated that it could go from a standstill to 60 mph (96.6 km/h) in less than 5 seconds, and make it to 200 km/h (124.3 mph) in slightly over 20 seconds, although doing this led to fuel consumption dipping into single digits, considerably lower than the earlier V6 models, leading to the addition of a $1,700 gas guzzler tax (combined 20.2 miles per US gallon (11.6 L/100 km; 24.3 mpg-imp)) for the six-speed manual sedan in the United States. Top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h (155.3 mph).
The B6 S4 saloon and Avant variants ceased factory production in December 2004, with the Cabriolet ending twelve months later at December 2005.
B6 powertrain
Replacing the 2.7 litre ‘biturbo’ V6 engine of the previous generation B5 S4, the new B6 S4 powertrain gained an all-aluminium alloy 4.2 litre, 40 valve (five valves per cylinder) V8 engine (parts code prefix: 079.C, identification code: BBK), with twin chain-driven (at the rear of the engine) two double overhead camshafts (2xDOHC) (two per cylinder bank – ‘quad cam’), roller-finger rocker arm cam followers, and included variable inlet camshaft timing. It also utilised a strengthened alloy crankshaft bedplate for the five main bearings, and a two-part baffled oil sump, and a light-alloy variable intake manifold (VIM), containing the sequentially actuated fuel injectors. This petrol engine, based on the unit from the Audi A8, displaces 4,163 cubic centimetres (254.0 cu in), and it produces a DIN-rated motive power output of 253 kilowatts (344 PS; 339 bhp) at 7,000 revolutions per minute (rpm), and generates torque of 410 newton metres (302 ftlbf) at 3,500 rpm, making it more potent than the RS2 Avant, and nearly as powerful as the B5 RS4. Engine management was by way of a Bosch Motronic ME 7.1.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU), utilising a Bosch ‘E-Gas’ drive by wire electronic throttle, and powering eight individual spark coils with longlife quad-electrode Bosch spark plugs. Ignition timing is a mapped direct ignition, with cylinder-selective knock control with the aid of four knock sensors. The exhaust system includes vacuum-operated valves in the twin rear silencers (mufflers), finished with chrome plated tail-pipes.
Like its predecessors, the B6 S4 was standard with a Getrag six-speed (M6S) manual transmission (parts code prefix: 0A3, identification codes: FVD, HEP) (gear ratios – 1st: 3.667, 2nd: 2.050, 3rd: 1.462, 4th: 1.133, 5th: 0.919, 6th: 0.778), with a 240 millimetre single plate dry clutch, and Torsen T-2 quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. Final drive (parts code prefix: 01R, identification code: EXZ) ratios are 3.889, giving a top gear road speed to engine revs ratio of 24.4 miles per hour (39.3 km/h) per 1000 rpm. From July 2003, the ZF 6HP19 tiptronic automatic transmission (parts code prefix: 09L, identification codes: GUR, HHU) (ratios – 1st: 4.171, 2nd: 2.340, 3rd: 1.521, 4th: 1.143, 5th: 0.867, 6th: 0.691, with a final drive (identification code: GDF) ratio of 3.539) was included as an option.
An unusual sight in the engine compartment was the addition of water cooling for the 190 amp alternator, along with two additional thermostatically-controlled side-mounted radiators.
B6 steering, brakes, wheels & tyres
The B6 S4 came equipped with electronically controlled, variable assisted ’servotronic’ rack and pinion power assisted steering (PAS) as standard.
B6 S4 brakes consisted of radially ventilated disc brakes front and rear. The front discs are sized at 345 millimetres (13.58 in) in diameter by 30 mm (1.181 in) thick, and are clamped by Continental Teves-ATE FNRG-60 single-piston sliding brake calipers. The rears are 300 mm (11.81 in) by 22 mm (0.866 in), and again use single-piston sliding calipers, with an integrated cable-operated hand brake mechanism. A Bosch ESP 5.7 Electronic Stability Programme system, complete with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), Emergency Brake Assist (EBA), Electronic Differential Lock (EDL) and Anti-Slip Regulation (ASR) – also known as traction control system, coupled with a dual-rate tandem vacuum servo provided the brake actuation.
Standard alloy wheels were ‘Avus-III’ die-cast aluminium alloy, 8.0Jx18H2 ET45 in size, and shod with 235/40 ZR18 95Y XL (eXtra Load) high performance tyres, with factory supplies being either Continental SportContact2 or Michelin PilotSport PS2.
B6 body & interior
Discrete lower door trims, along with the now trademark Audi ‘S’ model vertical-emphasis line grille, and solid aluminium (later replaced with mock aluminium plastic) exterior door mirrors, and S4 badging front and rear are all that visually distinguish the S4 from its related A4 brethren. In the interior, front and rear Recaro seats (fronts fully electric), standard carbon fibre trims, as well as S4 logos in the instrument panel and door sills complete the detail.
B7 (Typ 8E/8H, 20052008)
Audi B7 S4 quattro
Audi B7 S4 Avant in Sprint Blue with Avus-III alloy wheels
Also called
Typ 8E (saloon & Avant),
Typ 8H (Cabrio)
Production start
Nov 2004; Cabrio: Jan 2006
Production end
Jun 2008
Predecessor
Audi B6 S4
Successor
Audi B8 S4
Body style(s)
4-door saloon/sedan,
5-door Avant (estate/wagon),
2-door Cabriolet
Platform
Volkswagen Group B7 (PL46)
Engine(s)
4.2 L V8 40v 2xDOHC
Transmission(s)
6-speed Getrag manual,
6-speed ZF 6HP19 tiptronic automatic
Wheelbase
2,648 mm (104.3 in)
Cabrio: 2,654 mm (104.5 in)
Length
4,586 mm (180.6 in)
Cabrio: 4,572 mm (180.0 in)
Width
1,781 mm (70.1 in)
Cabrio: 1,778 mm (70.0 in)
Height
1,415 mm (55.7 in)
Cabrio: 1,392 mm (54.8 in)
Fuel capacity
66 L (14.5 imp gal; 17.4 US gal)
Related
Audi B7 A4
Audi B7 RS4
SEAT Exeo
Audi B7 S4 saloon (North America)
Audi B7 S4 Cabriolet (US) with optional 7-spoke alloy wheels
rear view of Audi B7 S4 Avant
The Audi B7 platform Audi S4 quattro, based on the Audi B7 A4, debuted in late 2005. Although Audi classifies it as a new car, the differences between it and the outgoing B6 S4 casually appear to be primarily cosmetic, and is still classified by the internal designation: Typ 8E (although with revised sub-designations – saloon: 8EC, Avant: 8ED, and Cabriolet: 8HE). It has the same 4.2 litre V8 engine (identification code: BBK) as the B6 S4, producing a DIN rated motive power output of 253 kilowatts (344 PS; 339 bhp) at 7,000 revolutions per minute (rpm), and 410 newton metres (302 ftlbf) torque at 3,500 rpm.
There are a few mechanical changes, such as revised springs and dampers and, from model year 2007, an updated Torsen T-3 automatically biasing centre differential, featuring a ‘default’ asymmetric 40:60 front-rear torque split on manual transmission models, along with the later Bosch ESP 8.0 Electronic Stability Programme and gloss black painted brake calipers. The ‘Avus-III’ roadwheels now became an option, and were replaced by a standard offering 8.0Jx18 inch ‘S-design’ 7-spoke forged alloy wheel.
Bose sound system is now standard, whereas it was optional on the B6 S4, and an enhanced optional DVD-ROM-based RNS-E satellite navigation system replaces the previous CD-ROM-based RNS-D option.
The new trapezoidal single-frame grille, Bi-Xenon high-intensity discharge lamp (HID) headlamps, L-shaped tail-lamps, quad exhaust tail pipes, and discrete V8 badging below the side repeater indicators help distinguish the B7 from the previous B6 model.
Audi S4 25quattro
Audi “S4 25quattro” special edition
In June 2005, Audi announced a limited edition run of 250 special edition S4 saloon cars, celebrating 25 years of quattro four wheel drive. This exclusive model was called the Audi S4 25quattro. Available only in the United States, and only in Avus Silver, the exterior has unique front and rear bumpers, a carbon fibre boot lip spoiler and lower front splitter. 15-spoke DTM alloy wheels, along with optional dealer-fitted ‘Audi four-rings’ decals for the front doors complete the exterior makeover. Black and grey contrasting interior leathers, along with “quattro” embossed into the Recaro seats, together with an individually numbered exclusive quattro gear shift knob for the manual-only gearbox define the interior changes.
On the mechanical side, the S4 25quattro was the second Audi, after the B7 RS4 to be fitted with the latest Torsen T-3 asymmetric ATB centre differential for its quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. Under normal grip conditions, this is set with a default rearwards torque distribution bias of 40:60 front to rear, and a maximum of 100% torque can automatically be apportioned to the rear axle (and up to 80% to the front) as conditions warrant. The final drive ratios are 3.889.
B8 (Typ 8K, 2009-)
Audi B8 S4 quattro
Audi B8 S4 saloon (US)
Also called
Typ 8K
Production start
Nov 2008
Predecessor
Audi B7 S4
Body style(s)
4-door saloon/sedan,
5-door Avant (estate/wagon)
Platform
Volkswagen Group MLB/MLP
Engine(s)
3.0 L V6 24v TFSI
Transmission(s)
6-speed manual,
7-speed dual clutch ‘S tronic’
Wheelbase
2,811 mm (110.7 in)
Length
4,717 mm (185.7 in)
Width
1,826 mm (71.9 in)
Height
saloon: 1,406 mm (55.4 in),
Avant: 1,415 mm (55.7 in)
Kerb weight
1,6501,735 kg (3,6383,825 lb)
Fuel capacity
64 L (14.1 imp gal; 16.9 US gal)
Related
Audi B8 A4, Audi A5
Audi B8 S4 Avant
From November 2008, the latest generation of the Audi S4 quattro (Typ 8K) entered factory production. It is based on the current Audi B8 A4, built on the Volkswagen Group MLB/MLP platform. Unlike the previous B6 and B7 models, the new B8 version will only be available as a four-door five-seat saloon (sedan), or a five-door five-seat Avant (estate/wagon). The sport-performance two-door four-seat Cabriolet (convertible) mantle is now taken by the current Audi S5.
Compared to the previous B6/B7 S4, this latest B8 S4 utilises a smaller displacement 3.0 litre TFSI V6 internal combustion engine, but now with the addition of forced induction.
Acceleration from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1 mph) takes 5.1 seconds for the saloon with manual gearbox, the Avant one tenth of a second slower at 5.2 seconds. The same dash to 100 km/h in the saloon with S tronic takes 5.3 seconds, and the Avant at 5.4 seconds. The top speed is electronically limited to 250 kilometres per hour (155.3 mph). With figures like these, the B8 S4 accelerates more quickly than any of its predecessors.
Audi of America claims the American version of the S4 achieves 28 highway miles per gallon, and a 0 to 60 miles per hour (96.6 km/h) acceleration time of 4.9 seconds with the manual transmission and 5.1 seconds with the S tronic. Fuel consumption is rated at a combined 24.2 miles per US gallon (9.72 L/100 km; 29.1 mpg-imp). Therefore, the B8 S4, unlike the V8-powered B6/7 models, avoids the US gas guzzler tax.
A new designed roadwheel is included on the B8 S4, an 8.5Jx18″ ‘5-double-spoke S’ design alloy wheel with 245/40 ZR18 high performance tyres. Optional 19 inch wheel and tyre packages are also available, sized at 8.5Jx19″ alloy wheels with 255/35 ZR19 tyres. LED tail lights are standard fitment, along with Audi’s now-trademark LED daytime running lights at the front.
B8 powertrain
At the heart of the B8 S4 powertrain is an all-new, all aluminium-alloy 3.0 litre TFSI supercharged V6 engine (parts code prefix: 06E, identification code: CAKA), and like the rest of the B8 model range, now with Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI). This petrol engine, based on the unit from the facelifted Audi A6, displaces 2,998 cubic centimetres (182.9 cu in), and it produces a DIN rated motive power output of 245 kilowatts (333 PS; 329 bhp) from 5,500 to 7,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). Torque is rated at 440 newton metres (325 ftlbf) from 2,900 to 5,300 rpm. This high power output is achieved by utilising forced induction and specifically, an all-new Eaton ‘Twin Vortices Series’ (TVS) Roots-type positive displacement compressor. This new supercharger features twin four-lobe rotors, which are axially-twisted 160 degrees. It is mounted on top of the engine, within the ‘Vee’, pumping air directly into the inlet manifold, and incorporates two separate water-cooled intercoolers. This new design of supercharger is said to reduce the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) of the engine.
This engine is mated to either a six-speed manual transmission (identification code: KMR) or a seven-speed ‘S tronic’ DL501 dual clutch transmission (identification code: LHK), the latter with steering wheel mounted paddle-shifters for tiptronic gear selection. The ‘Audi quattro Sports differential’ fitted in the rear axle final drive unit is available as an option.
Motorsport
In motor racing, APR Motorsport has currently entered a B8 S4 in the Grand-Am Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge Grand Sport (GS) class.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Audi S4
Audi Ur-S4 / Ur-S6
Audi S and RS models
References
^ AudiWorld.com North American S4 Model Guide – historical S4 specifications, prices, and options
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt ETKA official factory data
^ Stephen L. Thompson. “Preview: Audi S4″. Car and Driver (March 1992): 7980.
^ rodrigo gato. “Magnum Force”. Car and Driver (April 1992): 4756.
^ Sport Compact Car magazine 2007 Ultimate Street Car Challenge “The Audi S4 … showed its capability with consistently strong finishes in the acceleration, dyno, braking and driveability tests”
^ Audi Self-Study Programme SSP198 – The 2.7-litre V6 biturbo
^ Audi.com – Glossary five valves per cylinder
^ Audi Technical Data sheets – 2003 S4 quattro – saloon, Avant, and Cabriolet
^ Sports Car Comparison: 2004 Audi S4 vs. 2003 Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG
^ Audi.co.uk Audi S4
^ AudiWorld.com News Performance Preview: exclusive look at the B8 S4 18 November 2007
^ a b Audi Germany
^ “The 2010 Audi S4 is finally here”. AudiSite.com. http://www.audisite.com/912/2010-audi-s4/.
^ “2010 Audi S4 Review”. Automoblog.net. http://www.automoblog.net/2010/02/22/2010-audi-s4-review/.
^ Parks, Jim (2008-07-17). “Audi Selects Eaton TVS Supercharger To Power Fuel Efficient V6″. Eaton Corporation. Eaton.com. http://www.eaton.com/EatonCom/SearchResults/CT_167907. Retrieved 2009-07-24. “when paired with direct injection and enhanced transmission ratio, the TVS supercharger helps the engine achieve 290 hp with an average fuel economy of nearly 24 miles per gallon”
^ Parks, Jim (2008-11-06). “Eaton TVS Supercharger Featured On 2010 Audi S4/S4 Avant”. Eaton Corporation. Eaton.com. http://www.eaton.com/EatonCom/SearchResults/CT_193399. Retrieved 2009-07-24. “When combined with direct injection, the TVS surpasses twin turbochargers in packaging, starting performance and responsiveness”
^ “Audi S4 Avant On The Road”. The Lubrizol Corporation. DCTfacts.com. 14 July 2009. http://www.dctfacts.com/otr_pg4.asp. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
^ PaulTan.org blog B8 Audi S4 Sedan and Avant unveiled!
^ Grand-Am.com Fresh From Florida 200, entry list
External links
Audi.com – international corporate portal
Audi UK – S and RS models
Audi USA – S4
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Auto Union Horch DKW Wanderer NSU
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list of Volkswagen Group factories list of Volkswagen Group platforms MLP list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines discontinued petrol engines discontinued diesel engines North American engines quattro multitronic S tronic procon-ten MMI Audi hybrid vehicles Audi S and RS models
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Species and description
There are three to four species of cranberry, classified in two sections:
Subgenus Oxycoccos, sect. Oxycoccos
Vaccinium oxycoccos or Oxycoccos palustris (Common Cranberry or Northern Cranberry) is widespread throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere, including northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America. It has small 5-10 mm leaves. The flowers are dark pink, with a purple central spike, produced on finely hairy stems. The fruit is a small pale pink berry, with a refreshing sharp acidic flavour.
Vaccinium microcarpum or Oxycoccos microcarpus (Small Cranberry) occurs in northern Europe and northern Asia, and differs from V. oxycoccus in the leaves being more triangular, and the flower stems hairless. Some botanists include it within V. oxycoccos.
Vaccinium macrocarpon or Oxycoccos macrocarpus (Large cranberry, American Cranberry, Bearberry) native to northeastern North America (eastern Canada, and eastern United States, south to North Carolina at high altitudes). It differs from V. oxycoccus in the leaves being larger, 10-20 mm long, and in its slightly apple-like taste.
Subgenus Oxycoccos, sect. Oxycoccoides
Vaccinium erythrocarpum or Oxycoccos erythrocarpus (Southern Mountain Cranberry) native to southeastern North America at high altitudes in the southern Appalachian Mountains, and also in eastern Asia.
Vaccinium oxycoccos flowers
Cranberries are related to bilberries, blueberries, and huckleberries, all in Vaccinium subgenus Vaccinium. These differ in having stouter, woodier stems forming taller shrubs, and in the bell-shaped flowers, the petals not being reflexed.
Some plants of the completely unrelated genus Viburnum are sometimes inaccurately called “highbush cranberries” (Viburnum trilobum).
Cranberries are susceptible to false blossom, a harmful but controllable phytoplasma disease common in the eastern production areas of Massachusetts and New Jersey.
Etymology and history
The Cranberry Harvest on the Island of Nantucket, Eastman Johnson, 1880.
The name cranberry derives from “craneberry”, first named by early European settlers in America who felt the expanding flower, stem, calyx, and petals resembled the neck, head, and bill of a crane. Another name used in northeastern Canada is mossberry. The traditional English name for Vaccinium oxycoccos, fenberry, originated from plants found growing in fen (marsh) lands.
In North America, Native Americans were the first to use cranberries as food. Native Americans used cranberries in a variety of foods, especially for pemmican, wound medicine and dye. Calling the red berries Sassamanash, natives may have introduced cranberries to starving English settlers in Massachusetts who incorporated the berries into traditional Thanksgiving feasts. American Revolutionary War veteran Henry Hall is credited as first to farm cranberries in the Cape Cod town of Dennis around 1816. In the 1820s cranberries were shipped to Europe. Cranberries became popular for wild harvesting in the Nordic countries and Russia. In Scotland, the berries were originally wild-harvested but with the loss of suitable habitat, the plants have become so scarce that this is no longer done.
Cultivation
Geography and bog method
Cranberry harvest in New Jersey
Cranberries are a major commercial crop in the U.S. states of Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin, as well as in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Quebec. According to the Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, Wisconsin is the leading producer of cranberries, with over half of U.S. production. Massachusetts is the second largest U.S. producer, with 28% of total domestic production. A very small production is found in southern Chile, in the Baltic States, and in Eastern Europe.
Historically, cranberry beds were constructed in wetlands. Currently cranberry beds are constructed in upland areas that have a shallow water table. The topsoil is scraped off to form dikes around the bed perimeter. Clean sand is hauled in to a depth of four to eight inches. The surface is laser leveled flat to provide even drainage. Beds are frequently drained with socked tile in addition to the perimeter ditch. In addition to making it possible to hold water, the dikes allow equipment to service the beds without driving on the vines. Irrigation equipment is installed in the bed to provide irrigation for vine growth and for spring and autumn frost protection.
Cultivation
Cranberry vines are propagated by moving vines from an established bed. The vines are spread on the surface of the sand of the new bed and pushed into the sand with a blunt disk. The vines are watered frequently during the first few weeks until roots form and new shoots grow. Beds are given frequent light application of nitrogen fertilizer during the first year. The cost of establishment for new cranberry beds is estimated to be about US$70,000 per hectare (approx. $28,300 per acre).
A common misconception about cranberry production is that the beds remain flooded throughout the year. During the growing season cranberry beds are not flooded, but are irrigated regularly to maintain soil moisture. Beds are flooded in the autumn to facilitate harvest and again during the winter to protect against low temperatures. In cold climates like Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and eastern Canada, the winter flood typically freezes into ice, while in warmer climates the water remains liquid. When ice forms on the beds, trucks can be driven onto the ice to spread a thin layer of sand that helps to control pests and rejuvenate the vines. Sanding is done every three to five years.
Harvesting
Cranberry harvest (wet-picking)
Cranberries are harvested in the fall when the fruit takes on its distinctive deep red color. This is usually in late September or early October. To harvest cranberries, the beds are flooded with six to eight inches of water above the vines. A harvester is driven through the beds to remove the fruit from the vines. For the past 50 years, water reel type harvesters have been used. Harvested cranberries float in the water and can be corralled into a corner of the bed and conveyed or pumped from the bed. From the farm, cranberries are taken to receiving stations where they are cleaned, sorted, and stored prior to packaging or processing.
Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5-10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.
White cranberry juice is made from regular cranberries that have been harvested after the fruits are mature, but before they have attained their characteristic dark red color. Yields are lower on beds harvested early and the early flooding tends to damage vines, but not severely.
To allow air movement deterring decay, cranberries for fresh market are stored in shallow bins or boxes with perforated or slatted bottoms. Because harvest occurs in late autumn, cranberries for fresh market are frequently stored in thick walled barns without mechanical refrigeration. Temperatures are regulated by opening and closing vents in the barn as needed. Cranberries destined for processing are usually frozen in bulk containers shortly after arriving at a receiving station.
Food uses
About 95% of cranberries are processed into products such as juice drinks, sauce, and sweetened dried cranberries. The remaining 5% are sold fresh to consumers.
Cranberries are normally considered too sharp to be eaten plain and raw.
Cranberry juice is a major use of cranberries; it is usually either sweetened to make “cranberry juice cocktail” or blended with other fruit juices to reduce its natural severe tartness. Many cocktails, including the Cosmopolitan, are made with cranberry juice.
Usually cranberries as fruit are cooked into a compote or jelly, known as cranberry sauce. Such preparations are traditionally served with roast turkey, as a staple of English Christmas dinners, and the Canadian and US holiday Thanksgiving. The berry is also used in baking (muffins, scones and cakes). Less commonly, innovative cooks use cranberries to add tartness to savory dishes such as soups and stews.
Fresh cranberries can be frozen at home, and will keep up to nine months; they can be used directly in recipes without thawing.
Cranberry wine is made in some of the cranberry-growing regions of the United States from either whole cranberries, cranberry juice or cranberry juice concentrate.
Health benefits and potential health benefits
Nutrients and antioxidant capacity
Cranberries have moderate levels of vitamin C, dietary fiber and the essential dietary mineral, manganese, as well as a balanced profile of other essential micronutrients.
By measure of the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity with an ORAC score of 9,584 units per 100 g, cranberry ranks near the top of 277 commonly consumed foods in the United States.
Nutrients in raw cranberries
Nutrient
Value per 100 grams
% Daily Value
Energy
46 kcal
Fiber, total dietary
4.6 g
15.3%
Sugars, total
4.04 g
Calcium, Ca
8 mg
0.8%
Magnesium, Mg
6 mg
1.9%
Manganese, Mn
0.15 mg
7%
Phosphorus, P
13 mg
1.9%
Potassium, K
85 mg
1.8%
Sodium, Na
2 mg
0.1%
Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid
13.3 mg
16%
Vitamin A, IU
60 IU
9%
Vitamin K, g
5.1 g
6.4%
Carotene, beta
36 g
ne
Lutein + zeaxanthin
91 g
ne
ne: Daily Value not established
Phytochemicals
Cranberries are a source of polyphenol antioxidants, phytochemicals under active research for possible benefits to the cardiovascular system and immune system, and as anti-cancer agents.
Cranberry juice contains a chemical component, a high molecular weight non-dializable material (NDM), as noted above, that is able to inhibit and even reverse the formation of plaque by Streptococcus mutans pathogens that cause tooth decay. Cranberry juice components also show efficacy against formation of kidney stones.
Raw cranberries and cranberry juice are abundant food sources of the anthocyanidin flavonoids, cyanidin, peonidin and quercetin. These compounds have shown promise as anti-cancer agents in in vitro studies. However, their effectiveness in humans has not been established, and may be limited by poor absorption into cells and rapid elimination from the blood.
Since 2002, there has been an increasing focus on the potential role of cranberry polyphenolic constituents in preventing several types of cancer. In a 2001 University of Maine study that compared cranberries with twenty other fruits, cranberries had the largest amount of both free and total phenols, with red grapes at a distant second place. Cranberry tannins have anti-clotting properties and may reduce urinary tract infections and the amount of dental plaque-causing oral bacteria, thus being a prophylaxis for gingivitis.
Anti-adhesion properties
There is potential benefit of cranberry juice consumption against bacterial infections in the urinary system. Research shows that an effect occurs from a component of the juice inhibiting bacterial attachment to the bladder and urethra.
Although promising for anti-bacterial activity, long-term consumption of cranberry juice has only limited evidence for beneficial effects against urinary tract infections in women. It has also been observed to have a relaxing effect, reducing stress. Similar applications have not been successfully proved in other clinical trials of consuming cranberry juice or tablets by people with spinal cord injury associated with bladder catheterization, neurogenic bladder or infrequent urination, any of which may be associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections.
Possible contraindications
An autumn 2004 caution from the Committee on Safety of Medicines, the UK agency dealing with drug safety, advised patients taking warfarin not to drink cranberry juice after adverse effects (such as increased incidence of bruising) were reported, possibly resulting from the presence of salicylic acid native to polyphenol-rich plants such as the cranberry. However, during 2006-8, several reviews of case reports and pilot studies have failed to confirm this effect, collectively indicating no statistically significant interaction between daily consumption of 250 mL cranberry juice and warfarin in the general population. A gene (VKORC1, CYP2C9) has been shown to change warfarin sensitivity. This gene may also contribute to bruising susceptibility as a result of cranberries for carriers of the gene.
Marketing and economics
History
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.
Cranberry sales in the United States have traditionally been associated with holidays of Thanksgiving and Christmas. Until the 1930s most of the crop was sold fresh.
In the U.S., large scale cranberry cultivation has been developed as opposed to other countries. American cranberry growers have a long history of cooperative marketing. As early as 1904, John Gaynor, a Wisconsin grower, and A.U. Chaney, a fruit broker from Des Moines, Iowa, organized Wisconsin growers into a cooperative called the Wisconsin Cranberry Sales Company to receive a uniform price from buyers. Growers in New Jersey and Massachusetts were also organized into cooperatives, creating the National Fruit Exchange that marketed fruit under the Eatmor brand. The success of cooperative marketing almost led to its failure. With consistent and high prices, area and production doubled between 1903 and 1917 and prices fell. In 1918, US$54,000 was spent on advertising, leading to US$1 million in increased sales.
With surplus cranberries and changing American households some enterprising growers began canning cranberries that were below-grade for fresh market. Competition between canners was fierce because profits were thin. The Ocean Spray cooperative was established in 1930 through a merger of three primary processing companies: Ocean Spray Preserving company, Makepeace Preserving Co, and Cranberry Products Co. The new company was called Cranberry Canners, Inc. and used the Ocean Spray label on their products. Since the new company represented over 90% of the market, it would have been illegal (cf. antitrust) had attorney John Quarles not found an exemption for agricultural cooperatives. As of 2006, about 65% of the North American industry belongs to the Ocean Spray cooperative. (The percentage may be slightly higher in Canada than in the U.S.)
A turning point for the industry occurred on November 9, 1959, when the secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Arthur S. Flemming announced that some of the 1959 crop was tainted with traces of the herbicide aminotriazole. The market for cranberries collapsed and growers lost millions of dollars. However, the scare taught the industry that they could not be completely dependent on the holiday market for their products: they had to find year-round markets for their fruit. They also had to be exceedingly careful about their use of pesticides.
After the aminotriazole scare, Ocean Spray reorganized and spent substantial sums on product development. New products such as cranberry apple juice blends were introduced, followed by other juice blends.
A Federal Marketing Order that is authorized to synchronize supply and demand was approved in 1962. The order has been renewed and modified slightly in subsequent years, but it has allowed for more stable marketing. The market order has been invoked during six crop years: 1962 (12%), 1963 (5%), 1970 (10%), 1971 (12%), 2000 (15%), and 2001 (35%). Even though supply still slightly exceeds demand, there is little will to invoke the Federal Marketing Order out of the realization that any pullback in supply by U.S. growers would easily be filled by Canadian production.
Prices and production increased steadily during the 1980s and 1990s. Prices peaked at about $65.00 per barrel (29 /kg cranberry barrel equals 100 pounds or 45.4 kg.) in 1996 then fell to $18.00 per barrel (8.2 /kg) in 2001. The cause for the precipitous drop was classic oversupply. Production had outpaced consumption leading to substantial inventory in freezers or as concentrate.
Cranberry handlers (processors) include Ocean Spray, Cliffstar Corporation, Northland Cranberries (now bankrupt,) Clement Pappas & Co., Decas Cranberry Products as well as a number of small handlers and processors. A.D. Makepeace Company, one of the initial founders of Ocean Spray, has been in continuous operation since the late 1800s and is currently the world’s largest grower of cranberries.
See also
Nutrition
Cranberry Juice
References
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External links
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Cranberry
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cranberries
The Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers Association general information about the WI cranberry industry
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Sect. Oxycoccus and Sect. Oxycoccoides
Cape Cod Cranberry Growers’ Association for information on cranberry culture
University of Massachusetts Amherst Cranberry Station for information on cranberry research
Cranberry Library Page Hosted by the University of Wisconsin-Madison
Wikimapia An overhead view of a cranberry farm near Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
Cranberry research at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Cranberry – See more about cranberry in portuguese
Categories: Flora of Alaska | Vaccinium | BerriesHidden categories: Articles with limited geographic scope
Japan's 10th largest
Home Appliances
Chain LAOX company on Oct. 30 announced that its subsidiary, LAOXHINATA (LAOX Day to) Nagano Prefecture in 5 stores no longer as overburdened with debt restructuring conditions, it will be all closed out of business in early December.
LAOXHINATA predecessor in Japan, old electrical appliances manufacturers Hinada (start in June 1916) opened in 1945, the retail shop. November 1988 Hinada home appliance chain Electric Company and a joint venture company LAOX Nagano Prefecture region was the first home appliance chain LAOXHINATA. Inception, Hinada Electric holds 60% stake in the joint venture now holds the joint venture LAOX 87.7% controlling stake. LAOXHINATA industry as a pioneer in home appliance chain, Nagano Prefecture, Nagano region once monopolistic market; performance of the most glorious period in the Nagano Prefecture to Osaka city within the region, Ueda City, Nagano City, Sato City, in Nagano, Matsumoto City, etc. have 13 chain. However, as the Yamada Electric, Wing and electric home appliance chain giants have to enter the increasingly intensified competition in Nagano, could lead to operating results continue to deteriorate. Had to have closed its stores. In fiscal 2008, LAOXHINATA revenues of only around 3.6 billion yen, due to store size and price competitiveness does not have the advantage, for 7 years in a constant state of loss of business frustrations.
Present LAOX, the store is preparing the transfer of personnel placement, debt repayment and other related matters. It is reported that as part of the aftermath. The imminent closure of the LAOXHINATA (LAOX Day to) the field stores, Sakudaira stores, the Nagano North shop, Nagano East Wada shop, to Osaka shop five stores, official staff, 53 temporary employees 15 people, is expected no later than next January early All lifting employment contract. However, the company's external spokesman said: "is seeking to accept the existing staff with other companies or different industry sector company." At the same time, he further said: "The scheme in December to finalize the transfer of objects and transfer amount. However, the existing transfer of the employment relationship of staff will be on a priority position as to determine the amount of transfer targets and the specific transfer of the decisive factors. "
Headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, LAOX company is Japan's 10th largest home appliance chain, LAOX Department of Latin "Lar (family patron saint)" and "Vox (voice)" a combination of words that sound the meaning of family well-being. 2008 fiscal year (April 1, 2007 ~ March 31, 2008) revenue of 58.981 billion yen, down 26.9% over the same period; net profit of 5.992 billion yen deficit, compared to same period last year, 700 million yen deficit. 1 quarter of fiscal 2009 (April 1, 2008 ~ June 30) revenue of 12.176 billion yen, down 19.63% over the same period; net loss of 2.361 billion yen, compared with same period last year by 1.192 billion yen loss.
As business continuity loss, combined with the global financial crisis, LAOX company as early as 8, announced the closure of the end of the Miyagi Prefecture as the base of the old home appliance chain, a subsidiary of Zi motor (established in 1960) all stores. 2000 LAOX acquisition of the company spent 1.837 billion yen Chuang Chuang, founder of the body of motor, and other shareholders held 52% stake in a subsidiary of the latter (M). The same price as store does not have the market size and competitive advantages, is difficult to fight Yamada Electric (YamadaDenki), Kato appliance machine (K'sDenki), Yodobashi Camera (YodobashiCamera), Wing Electric (EdionGroup) appliance chain giants such as rapid offensive deteriorating operating conditions.
Foot of rock, according to LAOX chairman said the company is also currently promoting the Zhuangzi motor, LAXOHINATA owned subsidiary of the two home appliance chain transfer and cross-industry business purchase other companies with business negotiations, does not preclude the possible sale of the company as a whole. However, according to people familiar LAOX Motor Company and Yamada, Kato appliances machine (K's motor) the same industry, other companies are not smooth transfer of the progress of the negotiations.
Read more on On the first 10 home appliance chain stores will close five subsidiaries…
