If you are pondering over this question, “how to get back with my ex girlfriend” please understand that this is a very delicate situation. Feelings may be badly hurt on both ends and anything that you may do now or not do may cause even more hurt.

Read more on How to Get Back With My Ex Girlfriend – 5 Steps That Will Not Fail You…

The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.

Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…

The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.

Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…

There are times when your relationship suddenly falls apart and either one or both of you may doubt whether it is all over especially if the relationship is new. Some men simply cannot reconcile to the fact that their girlfriend dumped them and so they hope to get back with their girlfriend again. If you are asking, “How can I get back together with my ex girlfriend”, it is important to plan your moves ahead.

Read more on How Can I Get Back Together With My Ex Girlfriend – Nothing Is Impossible…

Relationships are delicate and need to be nurtured with loving dedication to make them grow strong. Sadly, everything is not as rosy as we would like it to be. When relationships are broken, they drain us of all our emotions, feelings, ability to think clearly and in acute cases, even our physical well being.

Read more on Get Back at Your Ex – 5 Ideas…

Have you just gone through a break up? Are you thinking how to get an ex back? Many people experience some sort of a break up but most of them just concentrate on moving on rather than searching for a way to get an ex back. If you are not a part of that league and you want to work towards how to get an ex back, then here are some tips for you. Does a break up mean that there are no chances of getting back together with your ex?

Read more on How To Get An Ex Back – Know What You Are Doing…

As we get older, joint pain becomes more of an issue. This can mainly be due to the thinning of the cartilage and as a result arthitis begins to take a hold. Sure enough, we crave natural joint pain relief and strive to find that perfect solution that will allow us to carry on with our lives pain free. Below are some strategies to bring you that desired pain relief.

Read more on 100% Natural Drug Free Pain Relief) For your Joints – 3 Amazing Tips To Leave You Pain Free…

Events

363 Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. General Jovian is proclaimed Emperor by the troops on the battlefield.

1284 the legendary Pied Piper leads 130 children out of Hamelin, Germany

1409 Western Schism: the Roman Catholic church is led into a double schism as Petros Philargos is crowned Pope Alexander V after the Council of Pisa, joining Pope Gregory XII in Rome and Pope Benedict XII in Avignon.

1483 Richard III is crowned king of England.

1541 Francisco Pizarro is assassinated in Lima by the son of his former companion and later antagonist, Diego Almagro the younger. Almagro is later caught and executed.

1718 Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia, Peter the Great’s son, mysteriously dies after being sentenced to death by his father for plotting against him.

1723 After a siege and bombardment by cannon, Baku surrenders to the Russians.

1848 End of the June Days Uprising in Paris.

1857 The first investiture of the Victoria Cross in Hyde Park, London.

1870 The Christian holiday of Christmas is declared a federal holiday in the United States.

1909 The Science Museum in London comes into existence as an independent entity.

1917 The first U.S. troops arrive in France to fight alongside Britain, France, Italy, and Russia against Germany, and Austria-Hungary in World War I.

1918 World War I, Western Front: Battle for Belleau Wood Allied Forces under John J. Pershing and James Harbord defeat Imperial German Forces under Wilhelm, German Crown Prince.

1924 American occupying forces leave the Dominican Republic.

1927 The Cyclone roller coaster opens on Coney Island.

1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, which establishes credit unions.

1936 Initial flight of the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first practical helicopter.

1940 World War II: under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union presents an ultimatum to Romania requiring it to cede Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina.

1942 The first flight of the Grumman F6F Hellcat.

1945 The United Nations Charter is signed in San Francisco.

1948 The Western allies begin an airlift to Berlin after the Soviet Union blockades West Berlin.

1948 William Shockley files the original patent for the grown junction transistor, the first bipolar junction transistor.

1948 Shirley Jackson’s short story The Lottery is published in The New Yorker magazine.

1952 The Pan-Malayan Labour Party is founded in Malaya, as a union of statewise labour parties.

1959 The Saint Lawrence Seaway opens, opening North America’s Great Lakes to ocean-going ships.

1960 The former British Protectorate of British Somaliland gains its independence as Somaliland .

1960 Madagascar gains its independence from France.

1963 John F. Kennedy speaks the famous words “Ich bin ein Berliner” on a visit to West Berlin.

1973 At Plesetsk Cosmodrome 9 people are killed in an explosion of a Cosmos 3-M rocket.

1974 The Universal Product Code is scanned for the first time to sell a package of Wrigley’s chewing gum at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio

1975 Indira Gandhi establishes emergency rule in India.

1975 Two FBI agents and a member of the American Indian Movement are killed in a shootout on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota; Leonard Peltier is later convicted of the murders in a controversial trial.

1976 The CN Tower, the world’s tallest free-standing structure on land, is opened to general public.

1977 The Yorkshire Ripper kills 16 year old shop assistant Jayne MacDonald in Leeds, changing public perception of the killer as she is the first victim who is not a prostitute.

1978 Air Canada Flight 189 to Toronto overruns the runway and crashes into the Etobicoke Creek ravine. Two of 107 passengers on board perish.

1991 Ten-Day War: the Yugoslav people’s army begins the Ten-Day War in Slovenia.

1993 The United States launches a missile attack targeting Baghdad intelligence headquarters in retaliation for a thwarted assassination attempt against former President George H.W. Bush in April in Kuwait.

1994 Microsoft no longer supports MS-DOS and the development of FreeDOS begins.

1995 Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani deposes his father Khalifa bin Hamad al-Thani, the Emir of Qatar, in a bloodless coup.

1996 Irish Journalist Veronica Guerin is shot in her car while in traffic in the outskirts of Dublin

1997 The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Communications Decency Act violates the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

2003 The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Lawrence v. Texas that gender-based sodomy laws are unconstitutional.

2008 The U.S. Supreme Court rules in District of Columbia v. Heller that the ban on handguns in the District of Columbia is unconstitutional.

Births

1575 Anne Catherine of Brandenburg, queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1612)

1681 Hedwig Sophia, duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish writer (d. 1708)

1689 Edward Holyoke, American academic (d. 1769)

1694 Georg Brandt, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (d. 1768)

1702 Philip Doddridge, English religious leader (d. 1751)

1703 Thomas Clap, American academic (d. 1767)

1730 Charles Messier, French Astronomer (d. 1817)

1798 Wolfgang Menzel, German writer (d. 1873)

1817 Branwell Bronte, British painter and poet (d. 1848)

1819 Abner Doubleday, American Major General (d. 1893)

1821 Bartolome Mitre, Argentine historian and politician (d. 1906)

1824 Lord Kelvin, Irish-born physicist (d. 1907)

1835 Thomas W. Knox, American author (d. 1896)

1838 Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Bengali novelist (d. 1894)

1854 Robert Laird Borden, Canadian politician (d. 1937)

1865 Bernard Berenson, American art historian (d. 1959)

1866 George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, English financier of Egyptian excavations (d. 1923)

1869 Martin Andersen Nex, Danish writer (d. 1954)

1880 Natalia, Princess Brassova (d. 1952)

1881 Ya’akov Cohen, Israeli poet (d. 1960)

1892 Pearl S. Buck, American writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1973)

1895 George Hainsworth, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1950)

1898 Willy Messerschmitt, German aircraft designer (d. 1978)

1898 Chesty Puller, American military officer (d. 1971)

1899 Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918)

1901 Stuart Symington, American politician (d. 1988)

1902 Hugues Cunod, Swiss Tenor

1904 Frank Scott Hogg, Canadian astronomer (d. 1951)

1904 Peter Lorre, Hungarian actor (d. 1964)

1906 Alberto Rabagliati, Italian singer (d. 1974)

1906 Viktor Schreckengost, American industrial designer (d. 2008)

1907 Debs Garms, American baseball player (d. 1984)

1908 Salvador Allende, Former President of Chile (1970-1973) (d. 1973)

1909 Colonel Tom Parker, Elvis Presley’s manager (d. 1997)

1911 Babe Didrikson Zaharias, American athlete (d. 1956)

1913 Aim Csaire, French Martinican poet and politician (d. 2008)

1913 Maurice Wilkes, British computer scientist

1914 Kathryn Johnston, American police shooting victim (d. 2006)

1914 Laurie Lee, British writer (d. 1997)

1915 Paul Castellano, American organized crime figure (d. 1985)

1915 Charlotte Zolotow, American author

1916 Giuseppe Taddei, Italian opera singer

1919 Richard Neustadt, American political historian (d. 2003)

1921 Violette Szabo, French WWII secret agent (d. 1945)

1922 Eleanor Parker, American actress

1923 Barbara Graham, American murderer (d. 1955)

1924 Kostas Axelos, Greek philosopher

1925 Pavel Belyayev, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1970)

1928 Jacob Druckman, American composer (d. 1996)

1928 Yoshiro Nakamatsu, Japanese inventor

1929 Milton Glaser, American Designer

1933 Claudio Abbado, Italian conductor

1933 Gene Green, American baseball player (d. 1981)

1934 Jeremy Wolfenden, British journalist (d. 1965)

1934 Dave Grusin, American jazz pianist

1936 Robert Maclennan, British politician

1936 Jean-Claude Cardinal Turcotte, Archbishop of Montreal

1937 Sombat Metanee, Thai film actor

1937 Robert Coleman Richardson, American physicist, Nobel laureate

1938 Gerald North, American climatologist

1940 Billy Davis, Jr., American singer (The 5th Dimension)

1941 Yves Beauchemin, Canadian novelist

1942 Gilberto Gil, Brazilian singer and Minister of Culture

1942 James J. Dillon, American professional wrestling manager

1943 John Beasley, American actor

1943 Georgie Fame, British singer

1943 Warren Farrell, American author

1945 Malachi York, Nuwaubian leader

1951 Gary Gilmour, Australian cricketer

1953 Robert Davi, American actor

1954 Steve Barton, American actor (d. 2001)

1955 Mick Jones, British guitarist (The Clash, Big Audio Dynamite)

1956 Chris Isaak, American singer

1957 Patty Smyth, American singer (Scandal)

1957 Philippe Couillard, Quebec neurosurgeon and politician

1959 Mark McKinney, Canadian actor

1960 Zachary Breaux, American jazz guitarist (d. 1997)

1961 Greg LeMond, American cyclist

1961 Terri Nunn, American singer (Berlin)

1962 Jerome Kersey, American basketball player

1962 Preston A. Whitmore II, American screenwriter and film director

1963 Harriet Wheeler, British singer (The Sundays)

1963 Mikhail B. Khodorkovsky, Russian businessman

1963 Richard Garfield, American game designer

1963 Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Russian oligarch and convicted felon

1966 Minaguchi Yuko, Japanese voice actress

1966 Jrgen Reil, American drummer (Kreator)

1967 Todd Pletcher, American horse trainer

1968 Paolo Maldini, Italian footballer

1968 Shannon Sharpe, American football player

1969 Colin Greenwood, British musician

1969 Ingrid Lempereur, Belgian swimmer

1969 Mike Myers, American baseball player

1970 Paul Thomas Anderson, American filmmaker

1970 Irv Gotti, American record producer

1970 Sean Hayes, American actor

1970 Matt Letscher, American actor

1970 Chris O’Donnell, American actor

1970 Nick Offerman, American actor

1971 Max Biaggi, Italian motorcycle racer

1972 Garou, Canadian singer

1972 Jai Taurima, Australian long jumper

1973 Gretchen Wilson, American singer

1973 Rebecca Budig, American actress

1973 Pawe Maaszyski, Polish actor

1973 Jussi Sydnmaa, Finnish musician (Lordi)

1974 Matt Striker, American professional wrestler

1974 Derek Jeter, American baseball player

1974 Jeff Frankenstein, American musician (Newsboys)

1974 Jason Kendall, American baseball player

1974 Nicole Saba, Lebanese singer

1975 Jonah Sorrentino, American hip hop artist

1975 Terry Skiverton, English football player

1976 Ed Jovanovski, Canadian ice hockey player

1976 Chad Pennington, American football player

1977 Kubo Tite, Japanese cartoonist

1977 Mark Jindrak, American Professional Wrestler

1978 Alexandra, French singer, L5’s singer

1979 Wlter Herrmann, Argentinian basketball player

1979 Andy O’Brien, English footballer

1979 Ryo Fukuda, Japanese racing driver

1979 Ryan Tedder, American Musician

1980 Jason Schwartzman, American actor

1980 Michael Vick, American football player

1980 Chris Shelton, American baseball player

1980 Sinik, French singer and rapper

1980 Hamlton, naturalized Togolese footballer

1981 Damien Sargue, French singer

1984 Elijah Dukes, American baseball player

1984 Raymond Felton, American basketball player

1984 Deron Williams, American basketball player

1984 Jose Juan Barea, American basketball player

1984 Aubrey Plaza, American comedian, writer and actress

1984 Gabrielle Walcott, winner of Miss Trinidad & Tobago World 2008

1985 Urgyen Trinley Dorje, Tibetan spiritual leader

1987 Carlos Iaconelli, Brazilian racing driver

1987 Samir Nasri, French footballer

1992 Jennette McCurdy, American actress

2005 Princess Alexia of the Netherlands

Deaths

363 Julian the Apostate, Roman Emperor (b. 331)

1291 Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III of England

1541 Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conqueror of Peru

1688 Ralph Cudworth, English philosopher (b. 1617)

1784 Caesar Rodney, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1728)

1793 Gilbert White, English ornithologist (b. 1720)

1810 Joseph Michel Montgolfier, French inventor (b. 1740)

1836 Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, French composer (La Marseillaise) (b. 1760)

1856 Max Stirner, German philosopher (b. 1806)

1878 Mercedes of Orleans, queen of Spain (b. 1860)

1918 Peter Rosegger, Austrian poet (b. 1843)

1922 Albert I, Prince of Monaco (b. 1848)

1939 Ford Madox Ford, English writer (b. 1873)

1943 Karl Landsteiner, Austrian biologist and physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1868)

1945 Emil Hcha, President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1872)

1946 Yosuke Matsuoka, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan (b. 1880)

1946 Max Kgel, SS officer (b. 1895)

1947 Richard Bedford Bennett, eleventh Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1870)

1948 Lilian Velez, Filipino actress (b. 1924)

1949 Kim Gu, President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (b. 1876)

1955 Engelbert Zaschka, German helicopter pioneer (b. 1895)

1956 Clifford Brown, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1930)

1957 Alfred Dblin, German writer (b. 1878)

1958 George Orton, Canadian athlete (b. 1873)

1958 Andrija tampar, Croatian physician and United Nations diplomat (b. 1888)

1964 Leo Dandurand, American-born Canadian sports executive (b. 1889)

1964 Gerrit Rietveld, Dutch architect (b. 1888)

1967 Franoise Dorlac, French actress (b. 1942)

1975 St. Josemara Escriv, Spanish Catholic priest (b. 1902)

1990 Anni Blomqvist, Finnish novelist (b. 1909)

1992 Herman Rohde, professional wrestler (b. 1921)

1993 William H. Riker, American political scientist (b. 1920)

1993 Roy Campanella, American baseball player (b. 1921)

1994 Jahanara Imam, Bangladeshi writer and activist (b. 1929)

1996 Veronica Guerin, Irish journalist (b. 1958)

1997 Israel Kamakawiwo’ole, Hawaiian singer (b. 1959)

2001 Soccer (dog actor) (b. 1988)

2002 Arnold Brown, the 11th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1913)

2002 Jay Berwanger, American football player (b. 1914)

2003 Marc-Vivien Fo, Cameroon footballer (b. 1975)

2003 Denver Randleman, U.S. Army Seargent (b. 1920)

2003 Strom Thurmond, U.S. Senator (b. 1902)

2003 Sir Dennis Thatcher MBE, husband of Margaret Thatcher (b. 1915)

2004 Yash Johar, Indian film producer (b. 1929)

2004 Naomi Shemer, Israeli singer and song-writer (b. 1930)

2005 Richard Whiteley, British television game show host (b. 1943)

2006 Tommy Wonder, Dutch magician (b. 1953)

2007 Liz Claiborne, Belgian-born American fashion designer (b. 1929)

2007 Joey Sadler, All Black rugby player (b. 1914)

2007 Natasja Saad, Danish Reggae singer (b. 1974)

Holidays and observances

International Day in Support of Torture Victims

International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking

Madagascar: Independence Day

Thailand: Sunthorn Phu Day

Romania: Flag Day

Mar Abhai

Anthelm of Belley

Saint Hermogius

Saints John and Paul

Saint Josemara Escriv (d. 1975)

St. Vigilius of Trent

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: June 26

BBC: On This Day

The New York Times: On This Day

On This Day in Canada

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Read more on June 26…

Golden Week,

States United States

Country except the United States launched its 16 stores

Consumption

Are the familiar "Maijiu Song" activities, but also introduced to would send cash, per hour for 10 minutes in the form to send new promotions. Liquid crystal

TV

,

Home Theater

,

Kitchenware

Set

Such a rich gift to attract a lot more consumers. Meanwhile, the National US joint manufacturers wonderful open-air performances and huge signings none other also "51" during the staged. The activities makes such a big effort

Home Appliances

Retail giant Gome

Electrical

Sales led the way, the first day of the Golden Week exceeded 100 million yuan mark, maddening Castle electrical market for more than 65% market share.

16 major ceremony, 60 million in cash to create purchase and sale of hot countries the United States

Learned that this year

Golden Week

States United States hit a two best: the lowest price, the most generous gifts. Both of which cost just 76 yuan in

Mobile

86 yuan

Drinking

Or 799 yuan to a hook, 899 yuan to 600 million pixels

Digital Cameras

, Are all real people have to experience the beauty of low-cost countries. In addition, shoppers can also enjoy the country during the 51 United States, manufacturers get a double set, double have both the incentives of major gift of 16 and 60 million in cash also let consumers get a real shopping benefits. Yesterday (May 2, 2007), the reporter in front of Gome stores that Taitung, about 8:00 am, hundreds of U.S. consumers line up to wait for the country open for business. 9:00 sharp, the country U.S. mall opened, consumers flocked into the mall, many consumers are a large family, Qi battle, some billing, some contributions, and some receive cash and gifts, the beauty of the country does not have a busy sales staff music almost, that although the U.S. has advanced the additional staff in various positions, but because the consumer is too much, so checkout or payment appeared in the case of consumers waiting in line. This hot scene, even more than the country's grand U.S. opening.

Hard rain arrived in shopping enthusiasm, roughness mall opening on the first day sales hot

4 30, although a light rain to the roughness of the trip brought the people a little inconvenience, but it is difficult to resist the enthusiasm of consumers snapped up in the morning about six o'clock, a large number of consumers have been early on in the flat degree of long lines outside the country U.S. mall. Position of the consumer front, a happy companion to the side, said: "I intend to get married recently, is to

Buyer

Electricity, took a few days in advance where to buy home appliances are looking for a good place, and opened the day special cheap, gonna take to buy home appliances household appliances, can save a lot of money. "According to the U.S. State responsible person, opening two days, roughness mall sales have far exceeded original projections, opening at 5 pm that day, including a color TV alone, it sold 4,526 units; sell 1310 sets of air-conditioning, phone 2950. to 8 pm, the audience turnover exceeded 12 million yuan, while in previous years, the city of Qingdao, home appliances market the highest single-day sales record of a single store only 10 million yuan.

[Keyword Search]:

States United States

 

Home appliance chain

 

Suning

Large

 

In

 

Small

Read more on States United States 51 sale of a bursting: the first day of revenue amounting to billions…

The past week a total of 31 organizations concerned about Medicine Industry, ranking the forefront of analyst attention, rating. The market is still hot wheeled cyclical industry, the rising market share in the inevitable cold medicine defensive configuration. Addition, the new medical reform implementation details not dragged, the lack of catalyst excited plate starts, is expected to increase short-term timing plate still waiting for medicine, but the pharmaceutical industry, the value of outstanding long-term allocation.

According to statistics, 1 May the pharmaceutical industry revenue grew 18.47%, total profit of about 18.7% year on year growth, profit growth was higher than income growth, continue to maintain the efficiency-oriented growth. The benefit from the medical and health system reform and promote further implementation of the operating environment continued to improve in the second half performance of the pharmaceutical industry is expected to continue to rise, growth is expected to clear the whole year 2009 is expected to maintain the expected 18% to 25% of the revenue growth, 25% ~ 30% profit growth.

Medicine plate relative valuations underestimate. China Merchants Securities, said the pharmaceutical industry average of forecasts from 2006 to 2008 PE (PE) 32 times, but now only 27 times PE. From the PEG (price-earnings ratio relative earnings growth rate) terms, from 2004 to 2008, the average PEG is 1.83 times, while the current PEG is only 0.44 times. Pharmaceutical industry in 2009 forecast the current PE valuation relative tape was only 16% of premium, well below the 2001 to 2008, the average level of 51%. Line shares Yunnanbaiyao, medicine and Sinopharm shares of HRH 2009 forecast PE of 33 times only, but also at a historic low. Overall, pharmaceutical shares valued at a relatively low-lying, long-term investments into the buy range.

Specific investment types, the Temple of Heaven biology, HRH medicine, Yunnanbaiyao, Sinopharm shares Kehua biology, medicine and other front-line shares the sea is a steady growth in the current show a "defensive" value is based on configuration varieties; Tasly, the same medicine, double-Heron Pharmaceutical, Harbin Pharmaceutical shares of good fundamentals and low valuations of companies, and the fundamentals of speed "up" round action, a substantial growth of company performance, such as the constant group Ya Bao medicine, Jinling Pharmaceutical, Yi Bai Pharmacy So take an active interest.

Especially worth mentioning is that the chemical API Industry. Chemical raw after the third quarter of 2008, the product life cycle have begun to enter the decline, 1 May this year, revenue increased slightly by 5.57%, 3.97%, but total profits fell, dragging the entire pharmaceutical industry growth rate, but in May began Some varieties have emerged signs of bottoming out. Among them, Vitamin E through a long downturn in the market, along with the cut-off limit production in some industries oligopoly, the price bottomed out in June, and maintain a one-month high. SW that the upward trend in the price of vitamin E unchanged. Present new and as has been halted and is expected to stop production a half months, VE powder production by about 1,000 tons, VE supply the whole market will be reduced, investment VE continue to be optimistic, and average price by the 125-year forecast VE2009 yuan / kg raised to 130 yuan / kg (excluding tax). Pattern from the industry perspective, 3 to 5 years profits can be expected, there will be a 2010 net profit growth. Zhejiang Medicine, a new and cost can focus on.

From the second quarter of 2008 to the first half of this year, vitamin B2 has been struggling with depression. Entered in June since the offer began to rebound in vitamin B2, first rose to 125 yuan / kg, in July has reached 135 early / kg. Minsheng Securities said the price increase opportunities for domestic companies seem to BASF shutdowns, but the fundamental drivers of price or product has been in oversold conditions, vitamin B2 is expected to gradually leave the worst of times. VC The current price is still high, VC Legend maintenance shutdown in the near future after another, especially in the Northeast's largest pharmaceutical production will be discontinued 3 months, the supply of reduced VC investment securities that it will form a strong support prices.

Read more on Outstanding long…

China Dyeing and Printing Industry Association released the first batch of advanced technology energy saving recommended list (35)

Abstract: This article describes the Chinese printing and dyeing industry, the energy consumption of hot water situation, pointed out the lack of hot water with the steam produced, presented a new approach to solve the problem, explains the advantages of solar hot water production, and promotion of solar energy in the printing industry application trends have made a scientific inference. >> Textile energy saving in action

Keywords: Printing, hot water, solar energy, energy saving, environmental protection

HC Network screen printing industry, Channel 1 special. Overview of China printing industry with hot water Process in the textile printing and dyeing

, many links to use hot water, hot water supply for the printing and dyeing enterprises have a crucial role and significance. Currently, printing and dyeing industry scale enterprises 1948, tens of thousands of the size of the boiler, most of the printing and dyeing enterprises cold steam heating consumes a lot of coal per year.

This way the textile dyeing industry, producing hot water energy consumption, high cost and serious pollution, specific performance is as follows:

(A) a huge energy consumption, high production costs. In 2006, China's total consumption of printing and dyeing industry, coal 16.9 million tons, accounting for 0.8% of national coal output, the average consumption of each printing company 8,600 tons. As the energy consumption, energy prices, greatly reduced the profitability of printing and dyeing enterprises in 2006, the textile dyeing industry average profit margin of only 3.34%. In printing and dyeing enterprises, water, electricity, coal, energy costs 40% of total costs, second only to dyes, has been high, a printing and dyeing enterprises reduce costs, increase profits, an insurmountable, "Hum." Thus, lower energy consumption, reduce the amount of coal and steam printing and dyeing enterprises in improving profit margins is important.

(B) serious environmental pollution. Printing and dyeing industry, coal combustion releases large quantities of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and dust emissions are a major source of air pollution. 74% of atmospheric SO 2 , 85% of the CO 2 , 60% NO 2 And 70% of the TSP from the direct combustion of coal. According to statistics, in 2006, China's printing industry consumes 16.9 million tons of coal produces carbon dioxide and other emissions were about 169 billion cubic meters, smoke and dust about 3,380,000,000 tons.

2. Printing with the principle of solar hot water system

Printing mainly with solar hot water system 4 parts:

(A) of the solar collector. It absorbs sunlight, the light energy into heat energy, heating the cold water;

(B) of the hot tub. It is used to store hot water;

(C) waste heat recovery system. Heat it absorbs water, so cold water temperature;

(D) water supply pipes. Sunny day, when the solar collector to the cold water heated to 60 (this temperature can be set), the cold water pipe on the solenoid valve automatically opens, cold water pressure to be pressed into the collector plate, and Baji pushed inside the hot plate hot water storage tank stand-by, when the cold water reaches the collector outlet temperature probe, the probe temperature is below 60 , solenoid valves immediately shut down, cold water stays in the collector plate was sunlight to heat, 1 to 3 minutes after the temperature has reached 60 , solenoid valves open again, the hot water collector has been squeezed into hot water in the pool, this pattern again and again into the hot water generated pool, pool for hot gradually increased until the pool of water filled.

Pool full of water after the water stopped, if there is solar energy, in order to make full use of solar energy, recycling water pump will start automatically, within the pool out of 60 hot water, heating through the solar collector loop, so that the water temperature increased further.

With hot water, hot water from dye wash water pool input device at the same time, cold water pipes and steam pipes to the dye wash cold water and steam input device to adjust the water temperature. Dyeing washing equipment for the dye washed in hot water becomes wastewater, but also higher water temperatures, in order to make full use of waste heat, waste water through the sewage pipes enter the plate heat exchanger, heat recovery by heat exchanger the cold water heating, and then, after heating the clean water input to the hot water pool. Finally, after cooling the wastewater discharged by drains.

3. Advantages of solar hot water system

Extremely rich solar energy resources, each country can be free unlimited use with a total profit under the sun, will not be monopolized by a few countries and regions, resulting in an artificial energy crisis is conducive to peaceful coexistence, and more conducive to the peaceful coexistence of human and natural.

Affordable solar water heating systems, energy efficient, safe, healthy, clean, with good economic and social benefits.

Read more on The first energy saving advanced technology: printing solar water heating systems…

One of the main products of glass bottle is familiar, like to use the containers. In recent decades, as industrial technology, to create a plastic, composite materials, special wrapping paper, tin, aluminum and other new type of packaging material. This packaging material on the glass with other packaging materials in the fierce competition among. As the Container Glass transparency, chemical stability, the price will be

    One of the main products of glass bottle is familiar, like to use the containers. In recent decades, as industrial technology, to create a plastic, composite materials, special wrapping paper, tin, aluminum and other new type of packaging material. This packaging material on the glass with other packaging materials in the fierce competition among. As the Container Glass transparency, chemical stability, cheap, beautiful and easy to manufacture, can be recycled many times, etc, so even though the competition encountered by other packaging materials, glass still has the other characteristics of packaging materials can not be replaced .

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    1, long-term use of plastic barrels (bottle) installed edible oil, cooking oil will dissolve harmful plasticizer 95% of the domestic market of cooking oil have used plastic barrels (bottle) costumes, storage over time (usually more than a week), edible oil will dissolve harmful plasticizers. Domestic experts have different brands on the market were collected and different date of production of plastic barrels (bottle) installed soybean salad oil, cooking oil, peanut oil experiments, results showed that all tested plastic bucket (bottle) loaded oil, contain plasticizer "dibutyl phthalate fat."

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    2, plastic bucket (bottle) costumes, wine, vinegar, soy sauce and other spices easily harmful contamination of ethylene plastic barrels (bottle) is largely made of polyethylene or polypropylene material and added a variety of solvents made of . Polyethylene, polypropylene, both non-toxic materials, for canned drinks on the human body without adverse effects. However, as plastic bottles in the production process still contains a small amount of ethylene monomer, if long-term storage of wine, vinegar and other fat-soluble organic matter, physical and chemical reaction occurs, the slow dissolution of ethylene single experience. In addition, plastic barrels (bottle) costumes, wine, vinegar, soy sauce, plastic bottles in the air will be subject to oxygen, ultraviolet radiation effects and aging, the release of more ethylene monomer, so that stored in barrels (bottle) of liquor within , vinegar, soy sauce and other metamorphic sour.

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Rise

The Abbasid caliphs descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566 662), one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad, because of which they considered themselves as the true successor of Muhammad as opposed to the Umayyads. The Umayyads were descended from Umayya, and were a clan separate from Muhammad’s in the Quraish tribe. They won backing of Shiites (i.e. the Hashimiyya sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia) against the Umayyads by temporarily converting to Shia Islam and joining their fight against the unjust Umayyad rule.

Coin of the Abbasids, Baghdad, Iraq, 765.

The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their moral character and administration in general. According to Ira Lapidus “The Abbasid revolt was supported largely by Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers of Marw with the addition of the Yemeni faction and their Mawali”. The Abbasids also appealed to non-Arab Muslims, known as mawali, who remained outside the kinship-based society of Arab culture and were perceived of as a lower class within the Umayyad empire. Muhammad ibn ‘Ali, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign for the return of power to the family of Muhammad, the Hashimites, in Persia during the reign of Umar II, Muhammad ibn Ali.

During the reign of Marwan II, this opposition culminated in the rebellion of Ibrahim the Imam, the fourth in descent from Abbas. Supported by the province of Khorasan, Iran, he achieved considerable successes, but was captured in the year 747 and died in prison; some hold that he was assassinated. The quarrel was taken up by his brother Abdallah, known by the name of Abu al-’Abbas as-Saffah, who, with victory on the Greater Zab River (750), defeated the Umayyads and was proclaimed Caliph.

Political situation

Consolidation and schisms

The first change the Abbasids made was to move the empire’s capital from Damascus, in Syria, to Baghdad in Iraq. This was to both appease as well to be closer to the Persian mawali support base that existed in this region more influenced by Persian history and culture, and part of the Persian mawali demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. Baghdad was established on the Tigris River in 762. A new position, that of the vizier, was also established to delegate central authority, and even greater authority was delegated to local emirs. Eventually, this meant that many Abbasid caliphs were relegated to a more ceremonial role than under the Umayyads, as the viziers began to exert greater influence, and the role of the old Arab aristocracy was slowly replaced by a Persian bureaucracy.

The various de facto independent emirates after the Abbasids lost their military dominance (c. 950).

The Abbasids had depended heavily on the support of Persians[citation needed] [see 'Abbasid Dynasty article in Britannica] in their overthrow of the Umayyads. Abu al-’Abbas’ successor, Al-Mansur, moved their capital from Damascus to the new city of Baghdad and welcomed non-Arab Muslims to their court. While this helped integrate Arab and Persian cultures, it alienated many of their Arab supporters, particularly the Khorasanian Arabs who had supported them in their battles against the Umayyads.

Abbasid coins during Al-Mu’tamid’s reign

These fissures in their support led to immediate problems. The Umayyads, while out of power, were not destroyed. The only surviving member of the Umayyad royal family, which had been all but annihilated, ultimately made his way to Spain where he established himself as an independent Emir (Abd ar-Rahman I, 756). In 929, Abd ar-Rahman III assumed the title of Caliph, establishing Al Andalus from Crdoba as a rival to Baghdad as the legitimate capital of the Islamic Empire.

Rift with the Shia Muslims

The Abbasids also found themselves at odds with the Shia Muslims, most of whom had supported their war against the Umayyads, since the Abbasids and the Shias claimed legitimacy by their familial connection to Muhammad. Once in power, the Abbasids embraced Sunni Islam and disavowed any support for Shi’a beliefs. That led to numerous conflicts, culminating in an uprising in Mecca in 786, followed by widespread bloodshed and the flight of many Shi’a to the Maghreb, where the survivors established the Idrisid kingdom. The Abbasids also executed the direct descendants of the Prophet Muhammad who were also the Shia Imams, which includes Imam Jafar Sadiq and other respected nobles. Shortly thereafter, Berber Kharijites set up an independent state in North Africa in 801. Within 50 years the Idrisids in the Maghreb and Aghlabids of Ifriqiya and a little later the Tulunids and Ikshidids of Misr were effectively independent in Africa.

Communication with provinces

Abbasid Shahi-inspired coin, Iraq 908-930. British Museum.

The Abbasid leadership had to work hard in the last half of the eighth century (750800), under several competent caliphs and their viziers to overcome the political challenges created by the far flung nature of the empire, and the limited communication across it and usher in the administrative changes to keep order. While the Byzantine Empire was fighting Abbasid rule in Syria and Anatolia, military operations during this period were minimal, as the caliphate focused on internal matters as local governors, who, as a matter of prodecure, operated mostly independently of central authority. The problem that the caliphs faced was that these governors had begun to exert greater autonomy, using their increasing power to make their positions hereditary.

At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer to home. Former supporters of the Abbasids had broken away to create a separate kingdom around Khorosan in northern Persia. Harun al-Rashid (786 809) turned on the Barmakids, a Persian family that had grown significantly in power within the administration of the state. Harun al-Rashid turned against them and killed most of the family. During the same period, several factions, or opposing groups, began either to leave the empire for other lands or to take control of distant parts of the empire away from the Abbasids.

Golden Age

Main article: Islamic Golden Age

Further information: Early Islamic philosophy and Inventions in the Muslim world

A manuscript written during the Abbasid Era.

“Arab Muslims now studied astronomy, alchemy, medicine and mathematics with such success that, during the ninth and tenth centuries, more scientific discoveries had been achieved in the Abbasid empire than in any previous period of history.”

aren Armstrong

The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. The Abbassids were influenced by the Qur’anic injunctions and hadith such as “the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr” stressing the value of knowledge. During this period the Muslim world became the unrivaled intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad; where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world’s knowledge into Arabic. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew and Latin. During this period the Muslim world was a cauldron of cultures which collected, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, North African, Greek and Byzantine civilizations.

Science

Main article: Islamic science

Further information: Alchemy (Islam), Islamic astronomy, Islamic mathematics, Islamic medicine, and Timeline of science and technology in the Islamic world

Mustansiriya University in Baghdad.

The reigns of Harun al-Rashid (786 809) and his successors fostered an age of great intellectual achievement. In large part, this was the result of the schismatic forces that had undermined the Umayyad regime, which relied on the assertion of the superiority of Arab culture as part of its claim to legitimacy, and the Abbasids’ welcoming of support from non-Arab Muslims. It is well established that the Abbasid caliphs modeled their administration on that of the Sassanids. One Abbasid caliph (whose mother was Persian) is even quoted as saying:

“The Persians ruled for a thousand years and did not need us Arabs even for a day. We have been ruling them for one or two centuries and cannot do without them for an hour.”

A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting Islamic science to the Christian West. They contributed to making Aristotle known in Christian Europe. In addition, the period saw the recovery of much of the Alexandrian mathematical, geometric and astronomical knowledge, such as that of Euclid and Claudius Ptolemy. These recovered mathematical methods were later enhanced and developed much further by other Islamic scholars, notably by Persian scientists Al-Biruni and Abu Nasr Mansur.

Algebra was also pioneered by Persian Scientist Muhammad ibn Ms al-Khwrizm during this time in his landmark text, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala, from which the term algebra is derived. He is thus considered to be the father of algebra. The terms algorism and algorithm are also derived from the name of al-Khwarizmi, who was responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals and Hindu-Arabic numeral system beyond the Indian subcontinent.

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) developed an early scientific method in his Book of Optics (1021). The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Bradley Steffens described Ibn al-Haytham as the “first scientist” for his development of scientific method.

Medicine in medieval Islam was an area of science that advanced particularly during the Abbasids’ reign. During the ninth century, Baghdad contained over 800 doctors, and great discoveries in the understanding of anatomy and diseases were made. The clinical distinction between measles and smallpox was discovered during this time. Famous Persian scientist Ibn Sina (known to the West as Avicenna) produced treatises and works that summarized the vast amount of knowledge that scientists had accumulated, and is often known as the father of modern medicine for his encyclopedias, The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing. The work of him and many others directly influenced the research of European scientists during the Renaissance and even later.

Astronomy in medieval Islam was advanced by Al-Battani, who improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth’s axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo’ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model. The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was perfected by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and was subsequently brought to Europe.

Muslim chemists and alchemists played an important role in the foundation of modern chemistry. Scholars such as Will Durant and Alexander von Humboldt regard Muslim chemists to be the founders of chemistry. In particular, Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) is considered the “father of chemistry”. The works of Arab chemists influenced Roger Bacon (who introduced the empirical method to Europe, strongly influenced by his reading of Arabic writers), Isaac Newton, among many others. A number of chemical processes such as distillation techniques and the production of alcohol were developed in the Muslim world and then spread to Europe.

Literature

“Ali Baba” by Maxfield Parrish.

Main articles: Islamic literature, Arabic literature, Arabic epic literature, and Persian literature

Further information: Islamic poetry, Arabic poetry, Turkish poetry, and Persian poetry

The most well known fiction from the Islamic world was The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights). The original concept is derived from pre-Islamic Iranian (Persian) prototype with reliance on Indian elements. It also includes stories from rest of the Middle-Eastern and North African nations. The epic took form in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian fantasy tales were often called “Arabian Nights” when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights. This epic has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Many imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba.

A famous example of Persian poetry on romance (love) is Layla and Majnun, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet, which was itself said to have been inspired by a Latin version of Layli and Majnun to an extent.

Arabic poetry reached its greatest heights in the Abbasid era, especially before the loss of central authority and the rise of the Persianate dynasties. Writers like Abu Tammam and Abu Nuwas were closely connected to the caliphal court in Baghdad during the early 9th century, while others such as al-Mutanabbi received their patronage from regional courts.

Philosophy

Main articles: Islamic philosophy and Early Islamic philosophy

Further information: Logic in Islamic philosophy, Kalam, Avicennism, Averroism, Illuminationist philosophy, and Transcendent Theosophy

One of the common definitions for “Islamic philosophy” is “the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture.” Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. Their works on Aristotle was a key step in the transmission of learning from ancient Greeks to the Islamic world and the West. They often corrected the philosopher, encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad. They also wrote influential original philosophical works, and their thinking was incorporated into Christian philosophy during the Middle Ages, notably by Thomas Aquinas.

Three speculative thinkers, al-Kindi, al-Farabi, and Avicenna, combined Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism with other ideas introduced through Islam, and Avicennism was later established as a result. Other influential Muslim philosophers in the Caliphates include al-Jahiz, a pioneer in evolutionary thought, and Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian physics and Aristotle’s concept of place (topos).

Technology

Main articles: Inventions in medieval Islam, Muslim Agricultural Revolution, and Timeline of Islamic science and technology

Coin of the Abbasids, Baghdad, Iraq, 1244.

In technology, the Muslim world adopted papermaking from China and further advanced the technology with their invention of papermills many centuries before paper was known in the West. The knowledge of gunpowder was also transmitted from China via Islamic countries, where the formulas for pure potassium nitrate and an explosive gunpowder effect were first developed.

Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe.

Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower, and early industrial uses of tidal power, wind power, steam power, fossil fuels such as petroleum, and early large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, paper mills, sawmills, shipmills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented crankshafts and water turbines, employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world.

A number of industries were generated due to the Muslim Agricultural Revolution, including early industries for agribusiness, astronomical instruments, ceramics, chemicals, distillation technologies, clocks, glass, mechanical hydropowered and wind powered machinery, matting, mosaics, pulp and paper, perfumery, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, rope-making, shipping, shipbuilding, silk, sugar, textiles, water, weapons, and the mining of minerals such as sulfur, ammonia, lead and iron. Early large factory complexes (tiraz) were built for many of these industries, and knowledge of these industries were later transmitted to medieval Europe, especially during the Latin translations of the 12th century, as well as before and after. For example, the first glass factories in Europe were founded in the 11th century by Egyptian craftsmen in Greece. The agricultural and handicraft industries also experienced high levels of growth during this period.

Fracture of central authority

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Even by 820, the Samanids had begun the process of exercising independent authority in Transoxiana and Greater Khorasan, the Shia Hamdanids in Northern Syria, and the successive Tahirid, Alid and Saffarid dynasties of Iran. By the early 10th century, the Abbasids almost lost control to the growing Persian faction known as the Buwayhids that replaced the Samanids as the Buwayhids were quietly able to assume real power in the bureaucracy at Baghdad. Despite the power of the Buwayhid amirs, the Abbasids retained a highly ritualized court in Baghdad, as described by the Buwayhid bureaucrat Hilal al-Sabi’, and they retained a certain influence over Baghdad as well as religious life. The caliph al-Qadir, for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia with writings such as the Baghdad Manifesto.

All the autonomous provinces slowly took on the characteristic of de facto states with hereditary rulers, armies, and revenues and operated under only nominal caliphal suzeranity, which may not necessarily be reflected by any contribution to the treasury.

Loss of Power

Mahmud of Ghazni took the title of sultan, as opposed to the “amir” that had been in more common usage, signifying the Ghaznavid Empire’s independence from Caliphial authority, despite Mahmud’s ostentatious displays of Sunni orthodoxy and ritual submission to the caliph. In the 11th century, the loss of respect for the caliphs continued, as the Seljuqs, Khwarezmshahs, Almoravids and other Islamic rulers no longer mentioned the caliph’s name in the Friday Khutba, or struck it off their coinage. The Buwayhids were defeated in the mid-11th century with the aid of the Seljuks under Toghril Beg; however, the Seljuks then themselves took over de facto lordship of the Empire, and the Caliph bestowed on Toghril Beg the title of Sultan of the East and the West. The Seljuks publicly pledged allegiance to the Caliph, but left him in control of little actual terrritory beyond Baghdad.

The Ismaili Fatimid dynasty of Cairo contested the Abbasids for even the titular authority of the Islamic ummah. They commanded some support in the Shia sections of Baghdad (such as Karkh), although Baghdad was the city most closely connected to the caliphate, even in the Buwayhid and Saljuq eras. The Fatimids’ white banners contrasted with Abbasids’ black, and the challenge of the Fatimids only ended with their downfall in the 12th century.

Late Revival, 1136-1258

Caliph Al-Muqtafi was the first Abbasid Caliph to regain the military independence of the Caliphate. After nearly 250 years of subjection to foreign dynasties, he successfully defended Baghdad against the Seljuqs in the siege of Baghdad (1157), thus securing Iraq for the Abbasids. The reign of al-Nasir (d. 1225) brought the caliphate back to power throughout Iraq, based in large part on the Sufi futuwwa organizations that the caliph headed.

The end of the dynasty

Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad on February 10, 1258, causing great loss of life. Muslims feared that a supernatural disaster would strike if the blood of Al-Musta’sim, a direct descendant of Muhammad’s uncle and the last reigning Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, was spilled. The Learned Shiites of Persia stated that no such calamity had happened after the deaths of the Shiite Imam (leader) Hussein; nevertheless, as a precaution and in accordance with a Mongol taboo which forbade spilling royal blood, Hulagu had Al-Musta’sim wrapped in a carpet and trampled to death by horses on February 20, 1258. The Al-Musta’sim family was also executed, with the lone exceptions of his youngest son who was sent to Mongolia, and a daughter who became a slave in the harem of Hulagu. According to Mongolian historians, the surviving son married and fathered children, but played no role in Islam thereafter.[clarification needed]

The Abbasids continued to maintain the presence of authority, yet it was confined to religious matters in Egypt, under the Mamluks. The dynasty finally ended with Al-Mutawakkil III, who was taken away as a prisoner, by Selim I, to Constantinople where he had a ceremonial role until his death in 1543.

Role of the Mamluks

In the 9th century, the Abbasids created an army loyal only to their caliphate, drawn mostly from Turkish slaves, known as Mamluks, with some Slavs and Berbers participating as well. This force, created in the reign of al-Ma’mun (813 833), and his brother and successor al-Mu’tasim (833 842), prevented the further disintegration of the empire.

The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the government with a stable force to address domestic and foreign problems. However, creation of this foreign army and al-Mu’tasim’s transfer of the capital from Baghdad to Samarra created a division between the caliphate and the peoples they claimed to rule. In addition, the power of the Mamluks steadily grew until al-Radi (934 941) was constrained to hand over most of the royal functions to Mahommed bin Raik. In the following years, the Buwayhids, who were Shi’ites, seized power over Baghdad, ruling central Iraq for more than a century.

List of Abbasid Caliphs

Genealogic tree of the Abbasid family. In green, the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad. In yellow, the Abbasid caliphs of Cairo. Muhammad the Prophet is included (in caps) to show the kinship of the Abbasids with him.

Abu’l Abbas As-Saffah 750 754

Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad

Al-Mansur 754 775

Al-Mahdi 775 785

Al-Hadi 785 786

Harun al-Rashid 786 809

Al-Amin 809 813

Al-Ma’mun 813 833

Al-Mu’tasim 833 842

Al-Wathiq 842 847

Al-Mutawakkil 847 861

Al-Muntasir 861 862

Al-Musta’in 862 866

Al-Mu’tazz 866 869

Al-Muhtadi 869 870

Al-Mu’tamid 870 892

Al-Mu’tadid 892 902

Al-Muktafi 902 908

Al-Muqtadir 908 932

Al-Qahir 932 934

Ar-Radi 934 940

Al-Muttaqi 940 944

Al-Mustakfi 944 946

Al-Muti 946 974

At-Ta’i 974 991

Al-Qadir 991 1031

Al-Qa’im 1031 1075

Al-Muqtadi 1075 1094

Al-Mustazhir 1094 1118

Al-Mustarshid 1118 1135

Ar-Rashid 1135 1136

Al-Muqtafi 1136 1160

Al-Mustanjid 1160 1170

Al-Mustadi 1170 1180

An-Nasir 1180 1225

Az-Zahir 1225 1226

Al-Mustansir 1226 1242

Al-Musta’sim 1242 1258

Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo

Al-Mustansir 12611262

Al-Hakim I (Cairo) 12621302

Al-Mustakfi I of Cairo 13031340

Al-Wathiq I 13401341

Al-Hakim II 13411352

Al-Mu’tadid I 13521362

Al-Mutawakkil I 13621383

Al-Wathiq II 13831386

Al-Mu’tasim 13861389

Al-Mutawakkil I (restored) 13891406

Al-Musta’in 14061414

Al-Mu’tadid II 14141441

Al-Mustakfi II 14411451

Al-Qa’im 14511455

Al-Mustanjid 14551479

Al-Mutawakkil II 14791497

Al-Mustamsik 14971508

Al-Mutawakkil III 15081517

See also

List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

Iranian Intermezzo

Notes

^ http://lalishduhok.org/lalish/26/E/L%2026%20E%20_%202.pdf

^ Ira Lapidus. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. 2002 ISBN 0-521-77056-4 p.54

^ a b Applied History Research Group , University of Calgary, “The Islamic World to 1600″, Last accessed October 30, 2008

^ a b c d Brauer, Ralph W, Boundaries and Frontiers in Medieval Muslim Geography, Diane Publishing Co., Dec 1, 1995, ISBN 0-87169-856-0, pg 710.

^ Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century

^ Karen Armstrong(1993). A History of God. Ballantine Books. p. 171

^ a b c d e Vartan Gregorian, “Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith”, Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pg 2638 ISBN 081573283X

^ Hamilton Gibb. Studies on the civilization of Islam. Princeton University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-691-05354-5 p.66

^ Bertold Spuler. The Muslim World. Vol.I The Age of the Caliphs. Leiden. E.J. Brill. 1960 ISBN 0-685-23328-6 p.29

^ Ron Eglash(1999), p.61

^ David Agar (2001). Arabic Studies in Physics and Astronomy During 800 – 1400 AD. University of Jyvskyl.

^ Bradley Steffens (2006), Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ISBN 1599350246.

^ Gorini, Rosanna (October 2003). “Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision” (pdf). Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2 (4): 5355. http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-25. “According to the majority of the historians al-Haytham was the pioneer of the modern scientific method. With his book he changed the meaning of the term optics and established experiments as the norm of proof in the field. His investigations are based not on abstract theories, but on experimental evidences and his experiments were systematic and repeatable.”. 

^ Robert Briffault (1928), The Making of Humanity, p. 190202, G. Allen & Unwin Ltd:

“What we call science arose as a result of new methods of experiment, observation, and measurement, which were introduced into Europe by the Arabs. [...] Science is the most momentous contribution of Arab civilization to the modern world, but its fruits were slow in ripening. [...] The debt of our science to that of the Arabs does not consist in startling discoveries or revolutionary theories; science owes a great deal more to Arab culture, it owes its existence…The ancient world was, as we saw, pre-scientific. [...] The Greeks systematized, generalized and theorized, but the patient ways of investigations, the accumulation of positive knowledge, the minute methods of science, detailed and prolonged observation and experimental inquiry were altogether alien to the Greek temperament.”

^ a b John Grant and John Clute, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, “Arabian fantasy”, p 51 ISBN 0-312-19869-8

^ L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p 10 ISBN 0-87054-076-9

^ John Grant and John Clute, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, “Arabian fantasy”, p 52 ISBN 0-312-19869-8

^ Talattof, Kamran and Jerome W. Clinton, K. Allin Luther, The poetry of Nizami Ganjavi: knowledge, love, and rhetoric, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), 15-16.

^ NIZAMI: LAYLA AND MAJNUN English Version by Paul Smith

^ a b “Islamic Philosophy”, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)

^ a b Adam Robert Lucas (2005), “Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe”, Technology and Culture 46 (1), p. 130 .

^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources, History of Science and Technology in Islam.

^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, History of Science and Technology in Islam.

^ Ahmad Y Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, p. 3435. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.

^ Maya Shatzmiller, p. 36.

^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering

^ Adam Robert Lucas (2005), “Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe”, Technology and Culture 46 (1), p. 130.

^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part 1: Avenues Of Technology Transfer

^ Subhi Y. Labib (1969), “Capitalism in Medieval Islam”, The Journal of Economic History 29 (1), p. 7996.

^ Huston Smith, Cyril Glasse (2002). The new encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. ISBN 0759101906. 

^ Annals of history: Invaders: Destroying Baghdad by Ian Frazier, in The New Yorker 25 April 2005

References

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica article Abbasids.

External links

Abbasids (750-1517)

Abbasids the 2nd dynasty of caliphs

Abbasid Caliphs (In Our Time, Radio 4), in Streaming RealAudio

An On-Going Detailed Account of the History of the Abbasids from an Islamic perspective. Most of the narrations have been sifted through to avoid “biased” theories regardless if the historians as mentioned are Shiite or Sunni.

Abbasid Caliphate entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica

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First generation

First generation

1991 Lancia Delta GT i.e.

Production

1979-1994

Body style(s)

5-door hatchback

Layout

Front engine, front-wheel drive / four-wheel drive

Wheelbase

2,540 mm (100 in)

Length

3,900 mm (150 in)

Width

1,700 mm (67 in)

Height

1,380 mm (54 in)

Related

Saab-Lancia 600

Designer

Giorgetto Giugiaro

The first Delta was a five-door hatchback designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro and released in 1979. For a period of time, it was also sold in Sweden by Saab Automobile, badged as the Saab 600. Saab assisted with some areas of the car’s design and as a result the Delta was better suited for colder climates.[citation needed] Key competitors were the Volkswagen Golf, Opel Astra/Kadett and Ford Escort. For a few years after its launch, the Delta was one of the most contemporarily styled cars of its class in Europe and was voted Car of the Year in 1980.

While the majority of Delta models were ordinary small family cars, the most famous model was the Delta HF Integrale, a four-wheel drive hot hatch with a powerful turbocharged petrol engine. A tweaked version of the HF dominated the World Rally Championship, scoring 46 WRC victories overall and winning the Constructors Championship a record six times in a row from 1987 to 1992, in addition to Drivers’ Championship titles for Juha Kankkunen (1987 and 1991) and Miki Biasion (1988 and 1989).

Lancia Delta HF Turbo

The Lancia Delta S4, which the works team ran immediately prior to the HF 4WD and Integrale models’ world championship careers from the season-ending 1985 RAC Rally until the end of the 1986 season, while sharing the same name and appearance, was a Group B race car designed specifically for rallying, and was entirely different from the commercial Delta in terms of construction and performance.

HF4WD

In 1986, the Fdration Internationale du Sport Automobile, the World Rally Championship governing body, decided to scrap plans for a proposed Group S as well as cancelling Group B. It ruled that Group B cars were too fast and, as a consequence, too dangerous. It is arguable that Lancia was one of the more far-sighted manufacturers at the time, as it was already developing the Delta HF 4X4 production car using experience gained from the development of the S4 rally car.

Superseding the Delta HF Turbo as the flagship of the Delta range S4 excepted the HF 4WD had a lot to live up to. The HF Turbo was no slouch and its handling was praiseworthy for a front-wheel drive car.

The Delta range was first introduced to the United Kingdom in 1980 and remained virtually unchanged until 1986, when small changes were made to the cars’ body shape, the engines updated and the four-wheel drive model introduced.

One of the features of the Delta HF 4WD is the under-statement of the body styling. There is very little to distinguish the car from the earlier ‘Turbo i.e.’ apart from the four-headlight system, fog lamps mounted in the front spoiler, discreet 4WD badging on the rear hatch, small side skirts and two raised air intakes on the bonnet (hood). The later car is therefore virtually indistinguishable from the 1600 cc HF Turbo i.e.

In the Delta HF 4X4, Lancia opted for a four-wheel drive system with an in-built torque-splitting action to ensure that the available power was going to the wheels with the most traction at any given time, thus ensuring the most efficient use of the available power and torque.

Three differentials are at the heart of the system. Drive to the front wheels is linked through a free-floating differential; drive to the rear wheels is transmitted via a 56/44 front/rear torque-splitting Ferguson viscous-coupling-controlled epicyclic central differential. At the rear wheels is a Torsen (torque sensing) rear differential.

The Torsen differential is a true ‘intelligent’ differential in the way it distributes torque. It divides the torque between the wheels according to the available grip, and does so without ever locking fully: maximum lockup is 70%.

Standard differentials are either free-floating or self-locking. Free-floating systems are good at differentiating between wheel speeds on bends, but always supply the same amount of torque to both wheels. In this situation, however, there is a risk that the wheel with the lighter load (on an incline, for example) or less grip, will lose traction. To counteract this possibility, totally self-locking differentials ensure that both wheels rotate at the same speed but in doing this, prevent free differentiation in cornering, to the detriment of handling and stability.

The basic suspension layout of the Delta 4WD remains the same as in the rest of the two-wheel drive Delta range: MacPherson strutype independent suspension with dual-rate dampers and helicoidal springs, with the struts and springs set slightly off-centre.

There are a few more subtle changes, though, with the suspension mounting points to the body shell, now better insulated by incorporating flexible rubber links to provide improved isolation. Progressive rebound bumpers have also been adopted, while the damper rates, front and rear toe-in and the relative angle between springs and dampers have all been altered. The steering retains the rack and pinion mechanism of the rest of the Delta range, but in this application it is power-assisted. Steering effort has been reduced further by fitting thrust bearings of the ball, rather than roller type. Additional steering sensitivity has also been obtained by adjusting the angle of incidence of the steering rack.

Integrale 8v

1989 Lancia Delta HF Integrale 8V at the Birmingham Motorshow

Lancia designed the HF Integrale to incorporate the advanced technical features of the Delta HF 4WD. The result is a stylish, luxurious yet utterly practical five door hatchback with impeccable road manners, but capable of a blistering 0100 km/h (062 mph) acceleration in just 6.6 seconds and a maximum speed of 133 mph (214 km/h).

At the heart of the 8-valve HF Integrale is a 2-litre 4-cylinder fuel injected twin cam engine, fitted with contra-rotating balancing shafts. This version incorporated the following improvements over the HF 4WD: New valves, valve seats and water pump, larger water and oil radiators, more powerful cooling fan and bigger air cleaner. A larger capacity Garrett T3 turbocharger with improved air flow and bigger inter-cooler to aid volumetric efficiency, together with revised settings for the electronic injection/ignition control unit and a knock sensor, boost power output to 185 bhp (DIN) (136 kW) at 5300 rpm and maximum torque of 31 mkgf (304 Nm, 224 lbfft) at 3500 rpm.

The HF Integrale transmission systems incorporates permanent 4-wheel drive, a front transversely mounted engine and five-speed gearbox. An epicyclic centre differential normally splits the torque 56 per cent to the front axle, 44 per cent to the rear. However a noiseless, fully automatic Ferguson viscous coupling balances the torque split to give the optimal division between front and rear axles depending on road conditions and tyre grip. The Torsen rear differential further divides the torque delivered to each rear wheel according to grip available. By using the interaction between a worm screw and helical gear (movement is transmitted from screw to gear only) the Torsen system ensures that the wheel with less weight or grip receives less torque and therefore maintains traction. A free floating front differential completes the system to ensure maximum traction even at speed on adverse road surfaces. A shorter final drive ratio (3.111 instead of 2.944 on the HF 4WD) is used to match the larger 6.5×15 wheels to give 24 mph/1000 rpm (39 km/h per 1000 rpm) in fifth gear.

Both braking and suspension were uprated to match the HF Integrale’s increased performance. The ventilated front discs were increased in diameter to 284 mm (11.2 in), improved friction coefficient pads were fitted to the rear brakes. A larger brake master cylinder and servo lessened pedal effort for quicker response and reduced the risk of overheating in even the most demanding situations. The all round independent suspension features new front springs, dampers and front struts.

1993 Lancia Delta HF Integrale at the 2006 Goodwood Festival of Speed

To match the mechanical improvements and higher performance, Lancia gave the HF Integrale a new, more purposeful look while retaining all the practical advantages of the five door body shell. Immediately noticeable are the rounded, bulged wheel arches housing the wider section 195/55 VR tyres on 15-inch 6J alloy wheels. A new bonnet incorporated air louvres while the restyled bumpers wrapped around to meet the wheel arches at front and rear. The front bumper, now wider, incorporates air intakes to assist engine cooling, and houses rectangular auxiliary driving lights, that complement the twin circular headlights. The side skirts are faired into the wheel arches at front and rear and carry “Delta HF Integrale” badges to complement those on grille and rear hatch. The twin rear view mirrors are finished in body colour.

Integrale 16v

In 1988, Lancia gained 10 victories out of 11 rallies and the world title, won well before the end of the season. The 8 valve Delta had won, ahead of every rival in every continent, demonstrating its unrivalled performance, reliability and durability. But Lancia did not let this lull them into complacency, the 16 valve HF Integrale was being developed and was to run alongside its stablemate during the 1989 season. The new car was identifiable from its predecessor by the raised centre of the bonnet to accommodate the new 16 valve engine. The other exterior changes visible were; wider wheels and tyres and new identity badges front and rear. The 16 valve integrale was published in 1989 Geneva Motorshow.

The torque split was changed to 47% front and 53% rear, this gave the car better handling characteristics, on tarmac, where the Ford Cosworths were beginning to show their potential. Both the 8 and 16 valve cars were in use by the Works Team during the 1989 season, the 16 valve made its successful debut on the Sanremo Rally with Miki Biasion, at this time the new livery of the 16 valve cars was red; however, the colour reverted to white for the 1990 season as red was found to be less incisive than white in photographs and on television.

The turbocharged 2-litre Lancia 16v engine is already a powerful, refined performer, but was further developed for the Integrale 16v. Generating 200 bhp (149 kW) at 5500 rpm, it can take the car to a maximum speed of 137 mph (220 km/h) and get it from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 5.5  seconds. Larger injectors provide higher power output and efficient exploitation of the fuel feed at high engine speeds. The response of a Garrett T3 turbocharger is immediate, thanks to the reduced inertia of the turbine. A highly efficient intercooler provides the driver with more power and greater reliability. The new over-boost system uses a proportional electrovalve, to give a lift to engine torque: 220 lbfft (298 Nm) at 3000 rpm. All these improvements make the road-going version of the Integrale 16v a spirited, reliable and inherently safe car. The exuberant 16-valve engine, however, retains commendable refinement, thanks to the inclusion of two counter-rotating balancer shafts, eliminating vibration to give superb smoothness. The engine can also run on unleaded fuel without modification.

The Lancia Delta HF Integrale 16v uses a dual circuit braking system with each axle separate, which is safer because directional stability is maintained by each axle. The optional four-channel, second generation ABS system is mounted on this circuit. Designed specifically for four-wheel drive, it ensures safe braking on all surfaces and in any situation, in the minimum distance, to maintain directional stability. In emergency braking, the electronic control unit uses two sensors, detecting transverse and longditudinal accelerations to deliver braking pulses appropriate to each side of the vehicle. Loss of control over ground with uneven grip can thus be prevented. The sensors are situated at the car’s centre of gravity, near the gear lever. System efficiency is assured by electronic self diagnosis carried out automatically after starting the engine

Integrale Evoluzione

Lancia Delta Evo

The first Evoluzione cars were built at the end of 1991 and through 1992. These were to be the final homologation cars for the Lancia Rally Team; the Catalytic Evoluzione II (below) was never rallied by the factory.

In order to improve the handling, the Evoluzione I had a wider track front and rear than earlier Deltas. In order to enclose this track in the bodywork, the wide arches were extended even further and in the process also became more rounded. The wings were now made in a single pressing, whereas previously they had been fabricated. The front strut top mounts were also raised in height in the quest for more grip: this then necessitated a front strut brace to control the forces thus generated.

External changes included: new grilles in the front bumper to improve the air intake for engine compartment cooling; a redesigned bonnet (hood) with new lateral air slats to further assist underbonnet ventilation; an adjustable roof spoiler above the tailgate to assist in competition and to emphasise the cars sporty lines; new five-bolt (stud) wheels derived from the rally cars (stronger than the previous design); and finally, the rear of the car was changed with only one exhaust pipe now showing.

No changes to the tried and trusted chassis configuration: MacPherson-type independent suspension at front with lower wishbones;

anti-roll bar;

segmented dampers with a brace between the strut tops;

MacPherson-type independent suspension at rear with transverse rods;

longitudinal transversal reaction struts;

disc brakes on all wheels, with double piston calipers at the front;

floating calipers at the rear;

split crossover hydraulic circuit with power brake and brake power modulator on rear wheels;

Bosch ABS as standard;

rack and pinion steering with servo assistance;

The new Integrale retained the four wheel drive layout: an epicyclic centre diff with torque splitter (47% to front, 53% to rear), Ferguson viscous coupling and Torsen rear differential.

The engine, although technically the same as the earlier 16V cars, was remapped to give 210 bhp (157 kW) at 5750 rpm in order to compensate for the slight increase in weight and increased frontal area. This kept the performance figures virtually unchanged.

The above improvements were aimed at, and did change, the cars’ handling potential, with the new car being able to travel 56% faster over rally sections both tarmac and gravel. The result was even greater driver confidence when driving in normal road conditions.

Interior trim was now Grey Alcantara as standard, covering the same Recaro seats as fitted to the earlier 16V cars; leather and air conditioning were offered as options. The interior was finished with a new anotomic grip gear lever and leather-covered Momo steering wheel.

A number of Evoluzione I cars were built to meet Swiss regulations and were consequently equipped with an 8-valve engine complete with catalytic converter, producing 165 bhp (123 kW). It is often considered that this version is a little underpowered for the weight of the car.

Integrale Evoluzione II

Lancia Delta HF Integrale 16v Evoluzione II

The 1993 edition of the Delta HF integrale featured an updated version of the 2-litre 16-valve turbo engine to produce more power, as well as a three-way catalyst and Lambda probe. The addition of the catalyst did not penalise performance. Indeed, the Evoluzione II produced more power and torque than its predecessor, the Evoluzione I. That’s because Lancia added a series of technical improvements that may be summed up as follows:

A Marelli integrated engine control system with an 8 MHz clock frequency which incorporates:

timed sequential multipoint injection;

self-adapting injection times;

automatic idling control;

engine protection strategies depending on the temperature of intaken air;

Mapped ignition with two double outlet coils;

Three-way catalyst and pre-catalyst with lambda probe (oxygen sensor) on the turbine outlet link;

Anti-evaporation system with air line for canister flushing optimised for the turboengine;

New Garrett turbocharger: water-cooled with boost-drive management i.e. boost controlled by feedback from the central control unit on the basis of revs/throttle angle, mapping designed for ultra-progressive response to acceleration;

Knock control by engine block sensor and new signal handling software that acted simultaneously on spark advance, fuel quantity injected and turbocharging;

The basic engine structure remained unchanged:

twin counter-rotating balancer shafts;

light alloy cylinder heads;

twin overhead camshafts driven by toothed belt;

four valves per cylinder;

The engine developed a maximum power output of 215 bhp (160 kW) DIN (158 kW) (against 210 bph on the earlier uncatalysed version) and maximum torque of 32 kgfm (310 Nm) (formerly 31 kgfm or 300 Nm).

In order to underline the even more advanced engineering and performance of the 1993 version, the new Integrale was also given a cosmetic and functional facelift.

Briefly:

new 16″ light alloy rims with 205/45 ZR 16 tyres for better brake cooling and enhanced dynamic vehicle behaviour especially in lateral roadholding terms;

body colour roof moulding to underline the connection between the roof and the Solar control windows;

red-painted cylinder head;

Inside:

new leather-covered three-spoke MOMO steering wheel;

standard Recaro seats upholstered in beige Alcantara with diagonal stitching;

The sporty look of the new Delta was highlighted by an aluminium fuel cap and air-intake grilles on the front mudguards designed to increase airflow.

Performance

Performance of the first generation models: ,

Model

Year

Displacement

Power

Torque

Accel.

0-100 km/h,s

Top speed

cc

cu in

PS

kW

hp

@ rpm

Nm

ftlbf

@ r/min

km/h

mph

1.3

1,301

79.4

75

55

74

5800

105

77

3500

15.0

160

99

1.5

1,498

91.4

85

63

84

5800

123

91

3500

12.5

161

100

1.6 GT

1,585

96.7

105

77

104

5800

136

100

3300

10.0

180

110

1.6 GT.i.e

1,585

96.7

108

79

107

5900

137

101

3500

9.8

+185

115

1.6 HF Turbo

1984

1,585

96.7

130

96

130

5600

191

141

3700

195

121

1.6 HF Turbo

1985

1,585

96.7

140

100

140

5500

191

141

3500

8.7

203

126

HF4WD

1986

1,995

121.7

165

121

163

5500

285

210

2750

7.8

208

129

HF Integrale 8v

1987

1,995

121.7

185

136

182

5300

304

224

2500

6.6

215

134

HF integrale 16V

1989

1,995

121.7

200

150

200

5500

298

220

3000

5.7

220

140

HF integrale “Evo1″

1991

1,995

121.7

210

150

210

300

220

5.7

220

140

HF integrale “Evo2″

1993

1,995

121.7

215

158

212

310

230

5.7

220

140

1.9 TD

1,929

117.7

80

59

79

4200

172

127

2400

13.8

170

110

Tuning

As of 2007, Delta HF Integrales continue to race competitively, with modified versions producing between 300 and 500 bhp (224 and 373 kW). It is possible to tune the car to produce extremely high outputs, even exceeding 700 bhp (522 kW).

Lancia Delta Martini Racing – 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 World Rally Champion

Markku Aln – 1987 RAC Rally

Lancia Delta Integrale – 2007 Rallye Deutschland

Lancia Delta HF Integrale Evoluzione

Lancia Hyena

Lancia Hyena

The Integrale based Hyena was built in collaboration between the Lancia importer for The Netherlands Paul Koot and Zagato. The Hyena was designed in 1990 by Marco Pedracini (Zagato), and introduced at the Brussels Motor Show in January 1992. The Hyena was based on the Delta Integrale floorpan structure, but with a 2-door coupe body. Integrales were stripped down in Holland and then sent to Zagato in Italy to have the new composite/alloy body fitted. They were then sent back to Holland for final assembly. All of this made the Hyena very expensive to build and they were sold for around $75,000. The Hyena weighed around 200 kilograms (440 lb) less than original Integrale and had around 250 brake horsepower (190 kW) and could accelerate from 0-100 km in 5.4 seconds.

There were 92 made[citation needed]: France 6 Italy 8 Germany 8 Holland 5 United Kingdom 5 Belgium 6 Rest of Europe 17 Other countries 20. And 17 planned.

Second generation

Second generation

Production

1993-1999

Body style(s)

3 and 5-door hatchback

Layout

FF layout

Transmission(s)

5-speed manual

3-speed automatic

Wheelbase

2,540 mm (100 in)

Length

4,011 mm (157.9 in)

Width

1,759 mm (69.3 in)

Height

1,430 mm (56 in)

Curb weight

1130-1330 kg (2491-2932 lb)

Related

Fiat Tipo

Designer

I.DE.A Institute

The successor to the original Delta, the ‘Nuova Delta’, was introduced in 1993 based on the Fiat Tipo platform. The Nuova Delta was targeted at customers more interested in comfort and convenience than overall performance and power.

The Nuova Delta was offered with engine versions up to 193 PS (142 kW; 190 hp), but without four-wheel drive. Until 1995 only five-door hatchback body styles was offered, when the three-door was introduced under the name HPE. In 1996 two 1.8-litre engines were introduced (one with variable valve timing) and the naturally-aspirated 2.0 was discontinued.

The Delta was dropped from Lancia’s lineup in 1999. The Dedra did get a replacement, the Lybra, which was not offered with a hatchback body style.

Engines

Displacement

Type

Power

Years

cc

cu in

PS

kW

hp

@ rpm

1,581

96.5

SOHC 8V I4 petrol

75

55

74

6000

93-99

1,581

96.5

SOHC 8V I4 petrol

103

76

102

6000

96-99

1,756

107.2

DOHC 8V I4 petrol

105

77

104

6000

93-96

1,995

121.7

16V DOHC I4 petrol

139

102

137

6000

93-96

1,747

106.6

SOHC I4 petrol

113

83

111

6000

96-99

1,747

106.6

VVT I4 petrol

130

96

130

6300

96-99

1,995

121.7

16V DOHC I4 petrol turbo

186

137

183

5500

93-96

1,995

121.7

16V DOHC I4 petrol turbo

193

142

190

5500

96-99

1,929

117.7

I4 sohc turbodiesel

90

66

89

4100

93-99

Third generation

Third generation

Production

2008-present

Body style(s)

5-door hatchback

Layout

FF layout

Platform

Fiat C-platform

Engine(s)

1.4L TurboJet petrol

1.8L DI TurboJet petrol

1.6L Multijet diesel

1.9L Multijet TwinTurbo diesel

2.0L Multijet diesel

Transmission(s)

6-speed manual

6-speed automatic

6-speed robotised

Wheelbase

2,700 mm (110 in)

Length

4,520 mm (178 in)

Width

1,797 mm (70.7 in)

Height

1,499 mm (59.0 in)

Related

Fiat Bravo (2007)

Designer

Lancia Centro Stile

Lancia Delta badged as Chrysler (design/market study) at Chicago Auto Show 2010.

In September 2006 Lancia officially announced the revival of the Delta name, with new cars to be built on the Fiat C platform, as reported in CAR Magazine.

This confirmed an earlier report, also in CAR Magazine, which highlighted the planned high-performance Delta Integrale model, along with the intention for the marque to return to the right hand drive UK market which they had abandoned in 1994. The world premire of the new HPE concept was held at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival.

The new Lancia Delta was unveiled at the 2008 Geneva motor show. The Lancia brand was reintroduced to Scandinavian, Russian and Turkish markets in 2007. Commercial ambitions for the car appear more cautious than for earlier Deltas: British press reports nevertheless highlight plans for the new Delta to spearhead a return by Lancia to the UK market during 2009, in part to celebrate Lancia’s centenary. The Delta was also featured in Dan Brown’s “Angels and Demons” film adaptation.

Delta as well as being an historical name from Lancia past is also being interpreted this time around by Lancia as a mathematical symbol that stands for change, difference and evolution. Designed by the Lancia Style Centre, this car is aimed at the luxury end of the small family car segment. The Delta is 4.52 metres (178.0 in) long, 1.797 metres (70.7 in) wide and 1.499 metres (59.0 in) high, and has a wheelbase of 2.7 metres (106.3 in), 10 centimetres (3.9 in) more than the Fiat Bravo.

At the 2010 North American International Auto Show, a badge engineered version of the Delta under the Chrysler brand (a manufacturer now partially owned by Fiat) was unveiled as a concept car for a potential North American release.

Features

The new Delta offers a number of options and equipment including a Bose Hi-Fi radio incorporating a CD player and MP3 file reader with steering-wheel mounted controls, the Blue&Me system developed with Microsoft, and brand new satellite navigation system developed with Magneti Marelli.

Further technical equipment included to effect the ride and handling will include an advanced ESC (Electronic Stability Control) system and SDC suspension (with electronic damping control, also by Magneti Marelli).

The new Delta has also a driving assistant that gives more safety, an electric eye monitors the road and gives feedback to steering wheel to suggest corrections to the driver. The car is available also with semi-automatic parking assistant.

Engines

Engines available at launch will be 120 PS (88 kW) and 150 PS (110 kW) 1.4 litre TurboJet petrol engines and 1.6 litre 120 PS (88 kW) MultiJet diesel, 2.0 MultiJet with 165 PS (121 kW) and 1.9 Twinturbo MultiJet with 190 PS (140 kW). A new petrol unit was launched later: 1.8 Di Turbojet with 200 PS (147 kW).

1.9 Twinturbo Multijet

Model

Type

Displacement

Power

Torque

Acceleration

0-100 km/h,s

Max Speed

cc

cu in

PS

kW

hp

@ rpm

Nm

ftlbf

@ rpm

km/h

mph

1.4 T-Jet 16V

I4

1,368

83.5

120

88

120

5000

206

152

2000

9.8

195

121

1.4 T-Jet 16V

I4

1,368

83.5

150

110

150

5500

206

152

1750

8.7

210

130

1.8 Di T-Jet 16V

I4

1,742

106.3

200

147

197

5000

320

236

2000

7.4

230

143

1.6 Multijet 16V

I4

1,598

97.5

120

88

120

4000

300

220

1500

10.7

194

121

2.0 Multijet 16V

I4

1,956

119.4

165

121

163

4000

360

270

1750

8.5

214

133

1.9 Multijet 16V

I4

1,910

117

190

140

190

4000

400

300

2000

7.9

222

138

Safety

The 2008 Lancia Delta passed the Euro NCAP car safety tests with following ratings:

Adult occupant =

Child occupant =

Pedestrian =

Notes

^ a b “1991 Lancia Delta HF Integrale Evoluzione”. supercars.net. http://www.supercars.net/cars/2535.html. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 

^ a b c “Lancia/Models”. carsfromitaly.net. http://www.carsfromitaly.net/. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 

^ “Search results for “Lancia Delta””. carfolio.com. http://www.carfolio.com/search/results/?terms=Lancia+Delta. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 

^ “Lancia Delta HF integrale EVO”. redline.lt. http://www.redline.lt/magazine/featured-cars/article/article/10/2/. Retrieved 2007-09-25. 

^ “25 years of the lancia delta”. italiaspeed.com/2004/cars/lancia. http://www.italiaspeed.com/2004/cars/lancia/12/delta/2512_4.html. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 

^ “1993 Lancia Hyena”. conceptcarz.com. http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1516/Zagato_Hyena/default.aspx. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 

^ “1992 Lancia Hyena”. carfolio.com/Hyena. http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=95931. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 

^ “Press release 05/02/2008 The Lancia Delta has its world premiere”. fiatgroupautomobilespress.com. http://www.fiatgroupautomobilespress.com/index.php?l=2&group=2&method=news&action=zoom&id=200802051541346b8b7963ad91fa7ce24d147f98d9344d. Retrieved 2008-02-07. 

^ a b c d “Technische Daten”. lancia.de. http://www.lancia.de/cgi-bin/pbrand.dll/LANCIA_GERMANY/models/models.jsp?BV_SessionID=@@@@1133255666.1221315259@@@@&BV_EngineID=cccfadefedmjjglcefecejgdfkhdfji.0&categoryOID=-1073817291. Retrieved 2008-09-13. 

^ “Lancia lifts lid on new Delta” CAR Magazine

^ “New Delta Integrale to spearhead Lancia’s UK return CAR Magazine

^ “New Lancia Delta for Geneva show”. nzherald.co.nz. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/motoring/news/article.cfm?c_id=9&objectid=10492663. Retrieved 2008-09-13. 

^ Covent Garden, August / September 2007, London Underground Ltd. (promotional magazine)

^ Gall, Jared (January 11, 2010). “Chrysler Delta Concept – Auto Shows”. Car and Driver. http://www.caranddriver.com/news/car/10q1/chrysler_delta_concept-auto_shows. Retrieved 11 January 2010. 

^ “Lancia Delta” (PDF). italiaspeed.com/new_models. http://www.italiaspeed.com/new_models/2008/lancia/delta/technical_data.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-05. 

^ “Lancia Delta, global premiere”. lanciapress.com. http://www.lanciapress.com/index.php?method=cartelle&action=article&id=200802141625557b3619cddac65eeb600c896056b5ff3b&group=2. Retrieved 2008-02-19. 

^ “Lancia Delta”. euroncap.com. http://www.euroncap.com/tests/lancia_delta_2008/328.aspx. Retrieved 2008-08-29. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lancia Delta

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lancia concept vehicles

thedeltaproject.eu official Delta page

Lancisti.net – An Information Exchange and Support Community for Lancia Owners and Enthusiasts

Lancia Motor Club (UK)

Club Lancia Sport (UK)

Evocorner Forum about the Integrale

London to Brighton Run – organized annually by Club Lancia Sport UK

AutoBelle – Lancia Delta Owner manual, brochures, repair manuals, magazines about Lancia Delta

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Lancia

19071918: Alfa-12HP  Dialfa-18HP  Beta-15/20HP  Delta-20/30HP  Epsilon  Eta-30/50HP  Gamma-20HP  Theta-35HP  Zeta-12/15HP

19181945: Aprilia  Ardea  Artena  Astura  Augusta  Dilambda  Kappa  Dikappa  Lambda  Trikappa

19451980: Appia  Aurelia  Beta  D20  D23/D24  D25  D50  Flaminia  Flavia  2000  Fulvia  Gamma  Montecarlo  Stratos HF

19802009: Dedra  Delta  Delta S4  Kappa  LC1  LC2  Lybra  Prisma  Thema  Trevi  Y10  Ypsilon  Zeta  037 (Group B)   Thesis

Current models: Ypsilon  Musa  Delta  Phedra

Concept cars: Megagamma  Sibilo

Vincenzo Lancia  Corporate website  A brand of the Fiat Group

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previous Lancia Automobiles S.p.A., a subsidiary of the Fiat S.p.A. since 1969, car timeline, 1980sresent

Type

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Supermini

A112*

Y10*

Y

Ypsilon

Small family car

Delta I

Delta II

Delta III

Large family car

Beta

Prisma

Dedra

Lybra

Beta Trevi

Executive car

Gamma

Thema

Kappa

Thesis

Mini MPV

Musa

Large MPV

Zeta

Phedra

Racing

car

037

Delta S4

Beta Montecarlo Turbo

LC1

LC2

*Rebadged Autobianchi model

Categories: Lancia vehicles | Euro NCAP large family cars | Rally cars | 1980s automobiles | 1990s automobiles | Vehicles introduced in 1979 | Vehicles introduced in 1993 | Vehicles introduced in 2008Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009

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