If you are pondering over this question, “how to get back with my ex girlfriend” please understand that this is a very delicate situation. Feelings may be badly hurt on both ends and anything that you may do now or not do may cause even more hurt.

Read more on How to Get Back With My Ex Girlfriend – 5 Steps That Will Not Fail You…

The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.

Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…

The fact that you are asking this question, “can I get my ex girlfriend back?” shows that the breakup probably was not serious enough to negate the chances of reconciliation altogether. You also probably have the hope that she feels the same way about the relationship. If you have hurt her intentionally or unintentionally and you know it, it is time to say you are sorry. Being sorry and sincerely showing it is a very good first step to get back together with your ex girlfriend.

Read more on Can I Get My Ex Girlfriend Back By Being Sensitive Or By Making Her Jealous?…

There are times when your relationship suddenly falls apart and either one or both of you may doubt whether it is all over especially if the relationship is new. Some men simply cannot reconcile to the fact that their girlfriend dumped them and so they hope to get back with their girlfriend again. If you are asking, “How can I get back together with my ex girlfriend”, it is important to plan your moves ahead.

Read more on How Can I Get Back Together With My Ex Girlfriend – Nothing Is Impossible…

Relationships are delicate and need to be nurtured with loving dedication to make them grow strong. Sadly, everything is not as rosy as we would like it to be. When relationships are broken, they drain us of all our emotions, feelings, ability to think clearly and in acute cases, even our physical well being.

Read more on Get Back at Your Ex – 5 Ideas…

Have you just gone through a break up? Are you thinking how to get an ex back? Many people experience some sort of a break up but most of them just concentrate on moving on rather than searching for a way to get an ex back. If you are not a part of that league and you want to work towards how to get an ex back, then here are some tips for you. Does a break up mean that there are no chances of getting back together with your ex?

Read more on How To Get An Ex Back – Know What You Are Doing…

As we get older, joint pain becomes more of an issue. This can mainly be due to the thinning of the cartilage and as a result arthitis begins to take a hold. Sure enough, we crave natural joint pain relief and strive to find that perfect solution that will allow us to carry on with our lives pain free. Below are some strategies to bring you that desired pain relief.

Read more on 100% Natural Drug Free Pain Relief) For your Joints – 3 Amazing Tips To Leave You Pain Free…

Concept and format

Pizza Hut is split into several different restaurant formats; the original family-style dine-in locations (“Red Roofs”); store front delivery and carry-out locations (“Delcos”); and hybrid locations that offer carry-out, delivery, and dine-in options (“RBDs” or Restaurant Based Delivery units). Many full-size Pizza Hut locations offer lunch buffet, with “all-you-can-eat” pizza, salad, breadsticks, and a special pasta. Additionally, Pizza Hut also has a number of other business concepts that are different from the store type; Pizza Hut “Bistro” locations are Red Roofs which offer an expanded menu and slightly more upscale options.

Traditionally, Pizza Hut has been known for its ambiance as much as food offerings. Classic “Red Roof” locations can be found throughout the United States, and quite a few exist in the UK and Australia. Even so, many such locations offer delivery/carryout service. This building style was common in the 1960s and 1970s. The name “Red Roof” is somewhat anachronistic now, since many have brown roofs. Dozens of these locations have closed or been relocated/rebuilt. In the 1980s, the company moved into other successful formats including delivery/carryout and the fast food “Express” model.

Finally, “Pizza Hut Express” and “The Hut” locations are fast food restaurants. They offer a limited menu with many products not found at traditional Pizza Huts. These type of stores are often paired in a colocated location with a sibling brand such as Wing Street, KFC or Taco Bell, and are also found on college campuses, food courts, theme parks, and in stores such as Target.

History

Former Pizza Hut logo (19691999)

The chain was founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney. They chose the name “Pizza Hut” since the sign they purchased only had enough space for nine characters and spaces. The Original Pizza Hut building was later relocated to the Wichita State University campus. Additional restaurants were opened, with the first franchise unit opening in 1959 in Topeka, Kansas. At the same time Pizza Hut was growing in and around Kansas, Shakey’s Pizza was developing a stronghold along the West Coast. The competition provided Pizza Hut the impetus to evaluate its mission and direction. Dan and Frank Carney saw Shakey’s expanding into their territory and realized that they needed to determine if Pizza Hut should be in the entertainment business or if it should be a neighborhood pizza restaurant. They decided to stick with the neighborhood business and realized that they needed to have a good standard image. The Carney brothers contacted Wichita architect Richard D. Burke, who designed the distinctive mansard roof shape and standardized layout, hoping to counter the competition from Shakey’s. The franchise network continued to grow through friends and business associates, and by 1964 a unique standardized building appearance and layout was established for franchised and company-owned stores, creating a universal look that customers easily recognized.

By 1972, with 314 stores nationwide, Pizza Hut went public on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock ticker symbol PIZ. In 1978, Pizza Hut was acquired by Pepsico, who later also bought KFC and Taco Bell. In 1997, the three restaurant chains were spun off into Tricon, and in 2001 joined with Long John Silver’s and A&W Restaurants to become Yum! Brands. The oldest continuously operating Pizza Hut in the world is in Manhattan, Kansas, in a shopping and tavern district known as Aggieville near Kansas State University.

Products

Pizza Hut’s prototype version of a restaurant (19501961). This was only used at four prototype Pizza Hut locations. There are only a few menu items on this version.

The plaque on the first Pizza Hut building which was sometimes seen on the box. It was shown from 1970 to 1985.

Pizza Hut sells pizzas in four different sizes: personal (individual serving), small, medium and large, though most stores have done away with the small size. A variety of toppings are available, plus “specialty” styles, including Meat Lovers, Pepperoni Lovers, Cheese Lovers, Veggie Lovers, Double Cheeseburger, Supreme, Super Supreme and the newly introduced Pizza Mia. The pan pizza has a thicker crust than most other commercially available pizzas.

Pizza Hut also sells Stuffed Crust pizza, with the outermost edge wrapped around a coil of mozzarella cheese; Hand-Tossed, more like traditional pizzeria crusts; Thin ‘N Crispy, a thin, crispy dough which was Pizza Hut’s original style; Dippin’ Strips pizza, a pizza cut into small strips that can be dipped into a number of sauces; and The Edge pizza, where the toppings nearly reach to the edge of the pizza. There was also formerly a crust that was not as thick as Pizza Hut’s pan pizza, and not as thin as its thin crust. This crust was used on the Full House XL pizza and discontinued in 2007.

Pizza Hut experiments with new products frequently, with less successful ones being discontinued. These include the initially popular two-foot by one-foot square cut pizza Bigfoot, the 16″ Big New Yorker, made with a sweet sauce, the Chicago Dish Pizza and Sicilian pizza, the latter also offered in 2006 as Lasagna Pizza. Other products Pizza Hut has offered are the “P’zone”, Pizza Hut’s version of the calzone; the Cheesy Bites pizza, similar to the Stuffed Crust pizza except the crust has been divided into 28 bite-sized pieces that can be pulled apart; and the Insider pizza, where a layer of cheese is in between two layers of dough. Another limited time offer was a Double Deep pizza with double the toppings and 50% more cheese, with the crust wrapped over the top to hold in all the toppings. In 1985 Pizza Hut introduced the Priazzo, a two-crusted Italian pie that resembled a deep-dish pizza. Varieties included Priazzo Milano, a blend of Italian sausage, pepperoni, beef, pork fillings, a hint of bacon, mozzarella and cheddar cheese; Priazzo Florentine, a light blend of five cheeses with ham and a touch of spinach, and Priazzo Roma, stuffed with pepperoni, mushrooms, Italian sausage, pork filling, onions, mozzarella and cheddar cheese. The double-crusted pie was topped with a layer of tomato sauce and melted cheese. The Priazzo was introduced by a $15 million advertising campaign, but proved too labor-intensive and was removed from the menu several years later.

Buffalo wings

In addition to pizza, also sold is garlic cheese bread (not in all locations), plus a number of side dishes including bread sticks, cheese sticks, cinnamon sticks, mozzarella sticks, onion rings, chicken wings (some stores have integrated with another chain known as WingStreet which offers a wide variety, such as Buffalo Burning Hot, Buffalo Medium, Buffalo Mild, Honey BBQ, Spicy BBQ, Garlic Parmesan, Cajun, Spicy Asian) boneless wings, chicken munchers, jalapeo poppers, Quepapas (potato bites filled with cheese and jalapeo flavor), a basket of taters or tater tots and fried apple pies.

Depending on the individual restaurant size, Pizza Huts also may offer pasta dinners such as spaghetti and Cavatini a mixture of Cavatelli (shells), Rotini (spirals), and Rotelle (wheels).

A new, upscale concept was unveiled in 2004, called “Pizza Hut Italian Bistro”. Unveiled at fifty locations nationwide, the Bistro is similar to a traditional Pizza Hut, except that new, Italian themed dishes are offered, such as penne pasta, chicken pomodoro, toasted sandwiches and other foods. Instead of black, white, and red, Bistro locations feature a burgundy and tan motif. Pizza Hut Bistros still serve the chain’s traditional pizzas and sides as well. In some cases, Pizza Hut has replaced a “Red Roof” location with the new concept.

A new version of Pizza Hut pizza, named Pizza Mia which is lightly cooked and topped, was introduced in 2007. The product is aimed at the cost sensitive consumer segment and is priced similarly to the Domino’s 555 deal, where each pizza is priced at five dollars if purchased in bulk of three or more. In comparison, a Pizza Hut medium sized, hand-tossed pepperoni pizza is internationally priced at $10.24 (Dallas, Texas 1/1/2009). The Pizza Mia comes in only one size (medium) and extra toppings range from $1.25 to $1.49. One slice of Pizza Hut pepperoni Pizza Mia weighs 83 grams, while one slice of Pizza Hut pepperoni hand-tossed pizza weighs 96 grams.

Pizza Hut on May 9, 2008, created and sold in Seattle, Denver, and Dallas, he Natural, a new all-natural multi grain crust sweetened with honey, a red sauce of organic tomatoes and topped all-natural cheese (or with all-natural chicken sausage and roasted red peppers). A medium Natural pizza with one topping sold for $9.99. This was discontinued on October 27, 2009 in the Dallas market. It has since launched a nationwide advertising campaign. Also in 2008, Pizza Hut created their biggest pizza ever, the Panormous Pizza. It has 16 pieces.

Pizza Hut introduced the Big Eat Tiny Price Menu on June 21, 2009. It features new Pizza Rolls, the P’Zone Pizza, new Personal Panormous Pizza, and the Pizza Mia Pizza, each item starting at $5.00 or $5.99.

Pizza Hut introduced stuffed pan pizza on August 23, 2009 with $10.99 for one toppings and specialty for $13.99. Unlike regular stuffed crust cheese is not inside the crust, just pressed into the pan crust.

Advertising

Old in-restaurant ad for Pizza Hut’s Pan Pizza.

Pizza Hut ad featuring The Muppets (20032005).

Pizza Hut’s very first ad was “Putt Putt to Pizza Hut”. It starts with a man apparently ordering take-out and driving his 1965 Mustang JR to Pizza Hut, while some of the townspeople start chasing him. He picks up his pizza and goes to his house, when all of the people who were chasing him start eating all the pizza except the man who ordered it. Frustrated, he calls Pizza Hut again.

Until early 2007, Pizza Hut’s main advertising slogan was “Gather ’round the good stuff”, and is currently “Now You’re Eating!”. Pizza Hut does not have an official international mascot, but at one time, there were commercials in the United States called ‘The Pizza Head Show.’ These commercials ran from 1993 to 1997 and were based loosely on the Mr. Bill shorts from Saturday Night Live in the 1970s. The ads featured a slice of pizza with a face made out of toppings called ‘Pizza Head’. In the 1970s Pizza Hut used the signature red roof with a jolly man named “Pizza Hut Pete”. Pete was on the bags, cups, balloons and hand puppets for the kids. In Australia during the Mid to late 1990s, the advertising mascot was a delivery boy named Dougie, with boyish good looks who, upon delivering pizza to his father, would hear the catchphrase “Here’s a tip: be good to your mother”.

Pizza Hut sponsored the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II, and offered a free pair of futuristic sunglasses, known as “Solar Shades”, with the purchase of Pizza Hut pizza. Pizza Hut also engaged in product placement within the film itself, having a futuristic version of their logo with their trademarked red hut printed on the side of a mylar dehydrated pizza wrapper in the McFly family dinner scene, and appear on a storefront in Hill Valley in the year 2015.

The 1990 NES game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game, came with a coupon for a free pizza. The game was filled with Pizza Hut advertising and pizza that would refill the character’s life.

In 1994, Donald Trump and ex-wife Ivana Trump starred in a commercial. The ending of the commercial showed Ivana Trump asking for the last slice, to which Donald replied, “Actually dear, you’re only entitled to half”, a play on the couple’s recent divorce.

In 1995, Ringo Starr starred in a Pizza Hut commercial which also featured The Monkees. Rush Limbaugh also starred in a Pizza Hut commercial the same year, where he boasts that “nobody is more right than me,” yet he states that for the first time he will do something wrong, which was to participate in Pizza Hut’s then “eating pizza crust first” campaign regarding their stuffed crust pizzas.

Talk show host Jonathan Ross, co-starred in an ad with American model, Caprice Bourret. They were used to advertise the stuffed crust pizza, with Jonathan Ross saying “Stuffed Cwust”, to which is a play on Jonathan’s pronunciation of ‘R’s.

Another UK ad shows British Formula One driver Damon Hill visit a Pizza Hut restaurant and order a pizza, with famous F1 commentator Murray Walker visiting with him, and narrating as though it was a Formula One race. As Hill is about to finish his meal, Walker, in a play on Hill’s 1994 & 1995 seasons where he was runner up in the Formula One World Championship both won by Michael Schumacher, shouts “And Hill finishes second, again!” at which Hill grabs Walker by his shirt and shakes him angrily, Walker proclaiming, in his usual tones, “He’s lost it! He’s out of control!”

Following England’s defeat to Germany on penalties in the semi-finals of Euro 96, Gareth Southgate, Stuart Pearce and Chris Waddle featured in an advert. The advert shows Southgate wearing a paper bag over his head in shame as he was the one, who missed the crucial penalty against the Germans. Waddle and Pearce, who both missed penalty kicks in Italia 90 are ridiculing him, emphasising the word ‘miss’ at every opportunity. After Southgate finishes his pizza he takes off his paper bag, heads for the door and bangs his head against the wall. Pearce responds with, “this time he’s hit the post”.

In 1997, former Soviet Union Premier Mikhail Gorbachev starred in a Pizza Hut commercial to raise money for the Perestroyka Archives. In recent years, Pizza Hut has had various celebrity spokespeople, including Jessica Simpson, the Muppets, and Damon Hill and Murray Walker. Recent commercials have Queen Latifah providing the voiceover. Also in 1997, Pizza Hut, reunited “greatest of all time boxer” Muhammad Ali with trainer Angelo Dundee in a sentimental made for Super Bowl commercial.

Pizza Hut sponsored the first space pizza delivery in 2001, and paid for their logo to appear on a Russian Proton rocket in 2000.

In Australia, 2006 saw the introduction of a mascot in Pizza Hut’s advertising “Pizza Mutt”, a small dog who delivers pizzas. The mascot was dumped after just two ads.

Early 2007 saw Pizza Hut move into several more interactive ways of marketing to the consumer. Utilizing mobile phone SMS technology and their MyHut ordering site, they aired several television commercials (commencing just before the Super Bowl) containing hidden words that viewers could type into their phones to receive coupons. Other innovative efforts included their “MySpace Ted” campaign, which took advantage of the popularity of social networking, and the burgeoning user-submission marketing movement via their Vice President of Pizza contest.

Pizza Hut is also advertised in anime such as Code Geass, Maria-sama ga Miteru, Darker Than Black and Toaru Kagaku no Railgun, though in the translated versions of Code Geass the logo was removed, leaving only the red roof logo.

As of October 2009, Pizza Hut is now advertising its WingStreet brand on a nationwide basis, having met its internal requirement of 80% of stores having the product available (both corporate and franchised).

Pasta Hut

Pasta Hut logo (2008resent)

On April 1, 2008, Pizza Hut in America sent emails to customers advertising that they now offer pasta items on their menu. The email (and similar advertising on the company’s website) stated “Pasta so good we’ve changed our name to ‘Pasta Hut’.” The name change was a publicity stunt held in conjunction with April Fools’ Day, extending through the month of April, with the company’s Dallas headquarters changing its exterior logo to Pasta Hut. This name change was also used to promote the new Tuscani Pasta line and new Pizza Hut dine-in menu. The first Pasta Hut advertisement has the original Pizza Hut restaurant being imploded and recreated, but when they construct the new building, the sign saying “Pasta Hut” is placed on the building.

Australia

On January 19, 2009, Pizza Hut started a six-week online vote in Australia as to whether Pizza Hut should become Pasta Hut. They are also co-branding two stores with the Pasta Hut logo. Advertising for the new brand involved the production team creating a set of a restaurant called “Toscani’s”. As the TV suggests, the diners in the fictional restaurant, complete with signage and secret recording equipment; the customers were unaware they were eating pasta from Pizza Hut.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom on January 19, 2009, Pizza Hut had announced that the Pasta Hut trial had ended and that the names of all stores previously converted to Pasta Hut would be converted back to Pizza Hut. This was due to Pizza Hut’s online poll, where the results showed that 81% had chosen to keep the name Pizza Hut, 19% chose to change the name to Pasta Hut. Consequently the name will change back, but the menus will continue to include pasta.

Costa Rica

In Costa Rica, Aside from the Pizza Hut restaurants, there is another brand called “PHD Pizza Delivered Hot by Pizza Hut”, this brand is only for food courts at malls and for express delivery. This was created to compete on the “fast food” market while restaurants will concentrate in casual food.

Sponsorship

In the early 1990s, as part of PepsiCo’s sponsorship of The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer (and its former moniker, “The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour”), Pizza Hut was included in the acknowledgment alongside Taco Bell and KFC, which PepsiCo owned at the time.

In 2000, Pizza Hut was a part-time sponsor of Galaxy Motorsports’ #75 Ford in the then NASCAR Winston Cup Series, driven by Wally Dallenbach Jr.

Pizza Hut was the shirt sponsor of English football club Fulham F.C. for the 200102 season.

Terry Labonte drove selected events with Pizza Hut as the primary sponsor of his #44 car in 2005.

Pizza Hut purchased the naming rights to Major League Soccer club FC Dallas’ stadium, Pizza Hut Park, prior to its opening in 2005.

In March 2007, Pizza Hut partnered with Verizon Wireless to offer a free LG mobile phone with the purchase of a Cheesy Bites Pizza.

Pizza Hut is a sponsor of the Newcastle Vipers ice hockey team for the 2007/08 EIHL season in the UK.

Pizza Hut is a sponsor of Children’s Joy Foundation In The Philippines.

Book It!

Pizza Hut has been a longtime sponsor of the “Book It!” program (started in 1984), which encourages reading in American schools. Those who read books according to the goal set by the classroom teacher are rewarded with Pizza Hut coupons good for a free Personal Pan Pizza or discounted menu items. In the late 1980s, Pizza Hut threw free pizza parties for classes if all students met their reading goals. The program has been criticized by some psychologists on the grounds that it may lead to overjustification and reduce children’s intrinsic interest in reading. However, a study of the Pizza Hut program, Book It!, found that participation in the program neither increased nor decreased reading motivation. The program’s 25th anniversary was in 2009.

Nutrition

Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (January 2010)

In the UK, Pizza Hut has been criticized for the high salt content of its meals, some of which were found to contain more than twice the daily recommended amount of salt for an adult. The meats that consumers demand for pizza toppings (pepperoni, sausage, bacon, etc.) are, likewise, salty and fatty meats. There have also been concerns raised over food production practices as due to the high level of frozen produce being used the end products are often cold & of poor quality, lacking nutritional value.

Headquarters

Pizza Hut’s headquarters are located in Addison, Texas. Its lease for the headquarters will be over in 2010. In 2009 Pizza Hut stated that it will consider moving its headquarters to the Legacy Business Park in western Plano, Texas in 2010. If the move occurs, it will happen in 2010 and involve the over 500 employees that work in the current Addison headquarters. In 2010 Pizza Hut announced that it was going forward with the move.

Notes

See also

Dallas-Fort Worth portal

Companies portal

Food portal

Pizza Hut Park

Yum! Brands

References

^ “Town of Addison official website”. http://www.addisontexas.net/where_to_stay/. 

^ “Yum Homepage”. http://www.yum.com/company/ourbrands.asp. 

^ “Pizza Hut to move corporate offices to Plano”. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/bus/stories/DN-pizzahut_17bus.ART.State.Edition1.3cf5ddc.html. 

^ “Pizza Hut studying move from Addison to Plano’s Legacy Park”. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/city/collin/plano/stories/1117dnbusPizzaHut.2c19dd34e.html?ocp=1. 

^ “Pizza Hut breaks ground on new Plano headquarters”. http://www.scntx.com/articles/2010/02/25/plano_star-courier/news/101.txt. 

^ “Pizza Hut web site – about the company”. http://www.pizzahut.com/about/. [dead link]

^ “Original Pizza Hut – Wichita State University Campus Tour”. http://webs.wichita.edu/?u=mark1&p=pizzahut. 

^ Wasson, Andrew. “Who Designed the Roof”. Dairy River. http://www.dairyriver.com/index.php?page=article.php&aid=32. 

^ “PizzaHut.com  Menu”. http://www.pizzahut.com/Menu.aspx?tab=signatureCrusts. 

^ “Pizza Hut kicks off $15M Priazzo campaign”. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_v19/ai_3818569/. 

^ “PizzaHut.com  Menu”. http://www.pizzahut.com/Menu.aspx?tab=wingStreet. 

^ “PizzaHut.com  Menu”. http://www.pizzahut.com/Menu.aspx?tab=appetizersAndSauces. 

^ “PizzaHut.com  Menu”. http://www.pizzahut.com/Menu.aspx?tab=wingstreetsidesdips. 

^ “Pizza Hut licensee opens ‘italian bistro’ concept”. April 4, 2005. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_14_39/ai_n13593323. 

^ Jean Le Boeuf (March 9, 2007). “Three tomatoes to a capable Pizza Hut ‘Bistro’”. http://www.news-press.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070309/COLUMNISTS37/703090323/1061/ENT07. 

^ “Pizza Mia, Ingredient Statements” (PDF). http://www.pizzahut.com/Files/PDF/PizzaMiaNutritionFacts.pdf. 

^ “in.Reuters.com, Pizza Hut rolling out all-natural pizza”. http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-33506420080510. 

^ “YouTube – Pizza Hut commercial with Back to the Future theme”. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_EFGMyfYoc. 

^ “Pitching products in the final frontier”. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/06/13/alpha.products/. 

^ “Pizza Hut renaming itself Pasta Hut for April Fool’s.”. http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-pasta-hut-080401,0,600012.story. 

^ “Pizza Hut to become Pasta Hut”. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24932322-664,00.html. 

^ “Customers vote for Pizza Hut”. Pizza Hut UK Ltd. http://www.pizzahut.co.uk/restaurants/news/customers-vote-for-pizza-hut.aspx. Retrieved 2009-06-05. 

^ “PizzaHut.com  Our Story”. http://www.pizzahut.com/OurStory.aspx. 

^ a b Flora, S. R., & Flora, D. B. (1999). Effects of extrinsic reinforcement for reading during childhood on reported reading habits of college students. Psychological Record, 49, 314.

^ “BBC NEWS”. October 18, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7050585.stm. Retrieved January 6, 2010. 

^ Robinson-Jacobs, Karen and Theodore Kim. “Pizza Hut studying move from Addison to Plano’s Legacy Park.” The Dallas Morning News. Tuesday November 17, 2009. Retrieved on January 15, 2010.

^ Robinson-Jacobs, Karen. “Pizza Hut to move corporate offices to Plano.” The Dallas Morning News. Wednesday February 17, 2010. Retrieved on February 18, 2010.

External links

Pizza Hut

Pizza Hut International

Pizza Hut India

Pizza Hut Indonesia

Wiki Pizza Wikia site devoted to pizza.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pizza Hut

v  d  e

Yum! Brands, Inc.

A&W Restaurants  East Dawning  KFC  Long John Silver’s  Pizza Hut  Taco Bell  WingStreet

v  d  e

Pizza chains

Global

Boston Pizza  California Pizza Kitchen  Chuck E. Cheese’s  Domino’s Pizza  Little Caesars  Papa John’s Pizza  Pizza Hut  Sbarro  Shakey’s Pizza  Telepizza  Uno Chicago Grill  Yellow Cab Pizza Co.

Regional

North America

241 Pizza (Can)  Anthony’s Pizza (AAFES)  Benedetti’s (Mex)  Bertucci’s (US)  CiCi’s Pizza (US)  DoubleDave’s Pizzaworks (US)  Flying Wedge Pizza (Can)  Freshslice (Can)  Gatti’s Pizza (US)  Giordano’s Pizzeria (US)  Godfather’s Pizza (US)  Happy’s Pizza (US)  Hungry Howie’s Pizza (US)  Imo’s Pizza (US)  LaRosa’s Pizzeria (US)  Lou Malnati’s Pizzeria (US)  Mellow Mushroom (US)  Mr. Jim’s Pizza (US)  Panago (Can)  Papa Gino’s (US)  Papa Murphy’s (US)  Peter Piper Pizza (US)  Pizza 73 (Can)  Pizza Delight (Can)  Pizza Inn (US)  Pizza Nova (Can)   Pizza Patrn (US)  Pizza Pizza (Can)  Pizza Ranch (US)  Rocky Rococo (US)  Round Table Pizza (US)  Sal’s Pizza (US)

Europe

Ask (UK)  EasyPizza (UK)  PizzaExpress (UK)  Prezzo (UK)  Spizzico (IT)  Strada (UK)  Zizzi (UK)  Peppes pizza (Nor)

Asia

Aoki’s Pizza (Japan)  Pizza-La (Japan)  Greenwich Pizza (Philippines)

Australia

Eagle Boys  Pizza Haven

New Zealand

Hell Pizza

Franchises

Competitive Foods Australia   Domino’s Pizza Enterprises   Domino’s Pizza UK & IRL

v  d  e

Fast food restaurant chains in the United States

Hamburger

A&W  Arctic Circle  Big Boy  Burger King  Burgerville  Carl’s Jr.  Checkers/Rally’s  Cook Out  Culver’s  Fatburger  Five Guys  Hardee’s  In-N-Out Burger  Jack in the Box  Johnny Rockets  Krystal  Maid-Rite  McDonald’s  Nation’s Giant Hamburgers  Roy Rogers  Sonic Drive-In  Steak n Shake  Tommy’s  Wendy’s  Whataburger  White Castle  Winstead’s  Zippy’s

Pizza

Boston Pizza  CiCi’s Pizza  Domino’s  Donatos Pizza  Hungry Howie’s Pizza  Little Caesars  Mazzio’s  Papa Gino’s  Papa John’s  Peter Piper Pizza  Pizza Hut  Pizzeria Regina  Rocky Rococo  Round Table Pizza  Sal’s Pizza  Sbarro  Shakey’s Pizza

Chicken

Bojangles’ Famous Chicken ‘n Biscuits  Boston Market  Brown’s  Chick-fil-A  Chicken Express  Church’s Chicken  El Pollo Loco  Kentucky Fried Chicken  Pollo Tropical  Popeyes  Raising Cane’s  Zaxby’s

Asian-Pacific foods

Jollibee (Filipino)  L&L Hawaiian Barbecue  Lee’s Sandwiches (Vietnamese)  Manchu Wok (Chinese)  Panda Express (Chinese)  Pick Up Stix (Chinese)  Sarku Japan (Japanese)  Yoshinoya (Japanese)

Ice cream

Baskin-Robbins  Ben & Jerry’s  Braum’s  Brigham’s Ice Cream  Bruster’s  Carvel  Cold Stone Creamery  Culver’s  Dairy Queen  Dippin’ Dots  Friendly’s  Fosters Freeze  Hagen-Dazs  Marble Slab Creamery  Newport Creamery  Tastee-Freez

Frozen yogurt

Pinkberry  Red Mango  TCBY  Yogen Frz

Sandwich

Arby’s  Blimpie  Cos  D’Angelo Sandwich Shops  Firehouse Subs  Hogi Yogi  Jason’s Deli  Jersey Mike’s Subs  Jimmy John’s  Kelly’s Roast Beef  Milio’s Sandwiches  Panera Bread  Potbelly Sandwich Works  Quiznos  Rax Roast Beef  Schlotzsky’s  Subway  Tropical Smoothie Cafe  Tubby’s  Which Wich?

Seafood

Arthur Treacher’s  Captain D’s  Ivar’s  Long John Silver’s

Hot dog

James Coney Island  Hot Dog on a Stick  Nathan’s Famous  Portillo’s  Wienerschnitzel

Mexican-style food

Baja Fresh  Boloco  Cafe Rio  California Tortilla  Chipotle Mexican Grill  Del Taco  Freebirds World Burrito  Mighty Taco  Moe’s Southwest Grill  Qdoba Mexican Grill  Rubio’s Fresh Mexican Grill  Taco Bell  Taco Bueno  Taco Cabana  Taco John’s  Taco Mayo  Taco Tico  Taco Time

Baked goods

Au Bon Pain  Auntie Anne’s  Bruegger’s  Cinnabon  Dunkin’ Donuts  Einstein Bros. Bagels  Krispy Kreme  Mrs. Field’s Cookies  Pretzel Time  Shipley Do-Nuts  T.J. Cinnamons  Tim Hortons  Winchell’s Donuts

Beverages

Caribou Coffee  The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf  Coffee Beanery  Dunn Bros  Jamba Juice  Orange Julius  Peet’s Coffee & Tea  Planet Smoothie  Seattle’s Best Coffee  Smoothie King  Starbucks  Tully’s Coffee   Biggby Coffee

Defunct

Burger Chef  Carrols  Druther’s  Gino’s Hamburgers  Naugles  Red Barn  Sandy’s

v  d  e

Food chains in the United Kingdom

Coffeehouse:

AMT Coffee  Caff Nero  Caff Ritazza  Coffee Republic  Costa Coffee  Gloria Jean’s Coffees  Starbucks

Fast food restaurants:

Bagel Nash  Baskin-Robbins  Burger King  Chicken Cottage  Dixy Chicken  Domino’s Pizza  Favorite Chicken  KFC  Krispy Kreme  Little Chef  McDonald’s  Millie’s Cookies  Papa John’s Pizza  Pizza Hut  Sbarro   Shakeaway  Spudulike  Wimpy  Yogen Frz 

Casual dining:

Aberdeen Angus Steak Houses  Beefeater  Bella Italia  Brewers Fayre  Caf Rouge  Carluccio’s  Chiquito  Damon’s  Fine Burger Company  Frankie & Benny’s  Gourmet Burger Kitchen  Hard Rock Cafe  Harry Ramsden’s  Harvester  Hooters  Hungry Horse  Loch Fyne  Nando’s  Outback Steakhouse  PizzaExpress  Planet Hollywood  Prezzo  Rainforest Cafe  Romano’s Macaroni Grill  Strada  Taybarns  T.G.I. Friday’s  Wagamama  YO! Sushi  Zizzi

Sandwich shops:

Bakers Oven  EAT.  Greggs  O’Briens  Pret A Manger  Quiznos  Sayers   Subway  Upper Crust

Pub chains:

All Bar One  Firkin Brewery  Scream Pubs  Slug and Lettuce  Walkabout  Wetherspoons  Yates’s

Former chains:

ABC  Arby’s  A&W Restaurants  Berni Inn  Benjys  Blimpie  Chili’s  Dunkin’ Donuts  Happy Eater  Long John Silver’s  Lyons Corner Houses  Pasta Hut  Popeye’s  Quick  Schlotzsky’s  Taco Bell  Wendy’s

v  d  e

Restaurant chains in Ireland

Fast-food restaurants

Abrakebabra  Apache Pizza  Burger King  Domino’s Pizza  Four Star Pizza  KFC  McDonald’s  Supermac’s  Wimpy

Casual dining restaurants

Captain America’s  Eddie Rocket’s  Hard Rock Cafe  Harry Ramsden’s  Metzo  Pizza Hut  Spur Steakhouse  T.G.I. Friday’s

Categories: Yum! Brands | Fast-food franchises | Fast-food chains of Ireland | Pizza chains of the United States | Pizza chains of the United Kingdom | Companies based in Addison, Texas | Pizza franchises | Restaurants established in 1958 | Restaurant chains in the United StatesHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from August 2009 | Articles to be expanded from January 2010 | All articles to be expanded

Read more on Pizza Hut…

Sachs in Japan compared to other countries began to manufacture and very late, the first Japanese-made saxophone was produced in 1954 a Yanagisawa of the Tenor. Late 60s saxophone made in Japan began to export to Europe. Japan is the world’s major manufacturers of imitation was the first to Selmer’s, according to Selmer in Paris say the early 60s, many from Japan’s mission to the Selmer factory tour, until 1969, the first people into the market before YAMAHA Sachs to understand its causes, its similarities with the Selmer Mark 6 is obvious, more over-70 age Yanagisawa’s products, it is called a replica of Mark 6.

Yamaha

Yamaha trademarks belong to a long history of Konzern, founded in 1887, its affiliated companies all over the country, the products are also involved in various fields. It is precisely because both belong to a parent company, a large number of subsidiaries have access to more investment, while there are more opportunities for joint use, such as machinery and equipment, and computer-aided research, which is clearly for a single enterprise is unbearable.

In 1969 produced the first Yamaha saxophone into the market, that is, 21 and 61 series. After long-term development, including the well-known American saxophonist Eugene Rousseau’s contribution by Dr., which was eventually replaced by series of three models, two of them still in production, they are the most accurate sound has been called the students instrument 23 series, 32 series of semi-professional level and professional-level 62 series, these three series swept the world market. Since then, stable quality, easy to pitch a good voice, and saxophone created a new standard that other manufacturers have begun to follow suit. The only controversy is its sound, it is obviously personal taste issue.

For those who are not satisfied with the sound of the Yamaha people, in 1989, Yamaha has given them a surprise: Deluxe Series alto, tenor and soprano. Alto launched in 1989, there was little difference between the two models: YAS855 and YAS875, only difference is the trumpet shape is slightly different, thus leading to a different sound. Luxury-class Tenor YTS 875 since 1991 to invest in the market, and luxury-class alto as they are used produced more thick metal pipe body (from 0,6 mm to 0,7 mm), so that sound is more vigorous and metal of. YAMAHA has introduced the same year, two to remove the tube neck of the Soprano, YSS 875 and YSS 675, the old YSS 62 also will be discontinued. YSS 875 are classified as luxury-class, but it is in fact an ordinary class YSS 675 only a few mechanical differences in details. Another YSS 875 is equipped with two tube neck, one straight and one curved, but only one YSS 675.

YAMAHA is also available as an accessory to provide different sizes of tube neck: Soprano four kinds, Tenor and Alto a kind of two kinds. From the beginning of 1992 student-based YAS 23 was replaced by the YAS 25 In fact, an increase of only F # key and two of the l octave key. All the 32 series in 1995 began to use plastic materials as well as the living symbol of the right hand thumb can adjust the location of the buckle. Since then, the new 32 series is called 32E.

YAMAHA newest member of the family is a relatively inexpensive price Soprano YSS 475, which was put into the market at the end of 1996. The tube body and mechanical processes and YSS 675 are very similar, the biggest difference is the body tube as a single entity, not having removed the tube neck. Its cost reduction, primarily through the following aspects: pearl buttons were replaced by plastic, there is no carving, a number of key transmission rod is not polished surface.

Yanagisawa

Yanagisawa Wind Instruments was founded in 1893, 1954 and began manufacturing saxophone, the first Yanagisawa saxophone is a Tenor, and later this year in 1965,1966 and 1968, respectively, introduced the Alto, Baritone and Soprano.1972 years and launched a rare Sopranino This is the world’s first one with F # key Sopranino.

Yanagisawa is completely copied the beginning of Selmer, until the 80’s began to become self-confident, and gradually out of the shadow of the French model. In the key-bit design, they have their own new ideas, such as hanging up in the bottom of the tube neck octave key, B, and Bb bass tilt keys. Yanagisawa since 1982, began producing silver tube neck, and from 1982 introduced Elimona 880 series starting from a semi-professional level instruments Yanagisawa Official crowd in the area at the professional level in 1985 introduced the world’s first removable tube neck of the Soprano Later, this type of manufacture are also used by other manufacturers have. Yanagisawa begin production in 1991, used since the 900 series, which replaces the previous model 800 series for beginners, 990 instead of 880 series. Similarly, the series for Yanagisawa won a “world first” in the title: the first with a treble G keys Soprano.Yanagisawa previous generic model Selmer Paris two years later, in its Serie III Soprano on using the technology.

The successful launch of the silver, after the tube neck, Yanagisawa and brave attempts of the other vendors have never done a project: silver quality control body. Saxophone first silver market in 1988, was 8830 model, and later changed to 8833, in addition to material than with the other 880 series is no different, but only a small amount of production, Yanagisawa not found in the product catalog. Introduced in 1993, silver 9930 series, in addition to material things exactly the same with the 990 series, models ranging from Bariton to Sopraninio has also been formally written into its product catalog. By 1995, Yanagisawa finally launched in the Alto and Tenor of the silver of the trumpet, bringing the people can finally have a saxophone made entirely of silver.

Read more on Japan’s Sachs manufacturing industry…

Due to scarcity of skilled resources, demand for manpower is growing. In this regard, companies are forced to retain these resources for offering smooth and uninterrupted services to customers. As a result they are coming up with variety of customised incentive travel programs.

Read more on Advantage of Having Incentive Travel Programs…

HC plastic mesh information: Zhejiang news, on the 5th morning, held a news conference Yuyao, Yuyao Municipal Committee, vice mayor, said Zhu Xiao Bei, compared with the previous year, the show has four changes and features:

1, exhibitors grades improved significantly. Fair this year attracted a total of plastic from Japan, South Korea, the United States, Germany, France and Taiwan, Hong Kong, more than 20 countries and regions participating in 87 overseas companies to account for the number of external breeze enterprises 30.6%. Exhibitors in the world top 500 enterprises reached five, 40% higher than last year. Meanwhile, as the world's leading Injection molding machine Manufacturers, the world's first Screw Reciprocating Injection molding machine German inventors and producers Demag Group, the world's largest manufacturer of die-casting machine LK Group, Hong Kong, the world's largest producer of injection molding machine sales, one of Hong Kong, Chen Hsong Group, the world's leading Nylon Supplier companies and many U.S. Solutia large enterprises at home and abroad have brought new products come to the exhibition.

Second, science and technology more practical discussion. This year's Technology Forum to lead the industry as the goal, the enterprise most direct concern to the center, carefully arranged the contents of the three sections. One is for corporate executives, associations, industry experts and scholars to set the Fourth China Plastic Industry Development (International) Forum; Second, targeting enterprises are generally concerned about technology, policy and other hot issues, from domestic and foreign famous enterprises Session held talks , that "will in the Council." Currently, organized a total of five games, November 6 to 8 plastic every day in the Conference Room of the International Convention and Exhibition Centre. Third, enterprise-oriented exchange of practical scientific and technological achievements.

Three more standardized management services. Organizers of this year according to specialization, the concept of market operation, introduced in Hong Kong's second largest professional exhibition companies – Hong Kong Paper Communication Exhibition Services, as the current plastic Fair's co-organizer to participate in well standardized services. Currently, according to the diversified needs of customers, setting the VIP room, business area, dining lounge, a press service center facilities, and offer free Internet access and United Kingdom, Japan, Korea and translation, a variety of human and professional service, event management service to a new height.

Four events are enriched. During the current plastic Fair, in addition to arrangements for the exhibition of traditional products, investment trade talks, technological exchange seminars and other activities, but also orchestrated a 10-year retrospective on plastic Fair, the Chinese plastics market development Cooperation Union was established in the General Assembly, including the publication of the fourth Chrysanthemum Exhibition and "The Golden Plastic Bo" books, issued 10-year plastic Fair covers and personalized stamps, etc., all kinds of celebration.

As the plastics industry and related industries largest and highest-economic event, before the 9th China Plastics Expo cumulative total of 4,491 Chinese and foreign exhibitors, 1.03 million people participating Chinese and foreign investors, the total turnover 22.3 billion, total foreign investment Project 318, contracted foreign investment 1.133 billion U.S. dollars.

Read more on Four Features of China Plastics Expo Five exhibition…

If you are tired of picnicking or having a tedious time visiting your relatives at the weekends it is high time to think about something interesting as for example going to Nottingham, where every member of your family can easily find a lot of things to enjoy. A great number of people flock to the city of Nottingham mainly because of the Tales of the legendary Robin Hood and his brave deeds. One attraction on the Maid Marian Way is definitely ready to carry you back to those times of the hero and help you discover all about his thrilling adventures.

Read more on Your Weekend in Nottingham…

Introduction and early historical view

When a surface is exposed to electromagnetic radiation above a certain threshold frequency (typically visible light for alkali metals, near ultraviolet for other metals, and extreme ultraviolet for non-metals), the radiation is absorbed and electrons are emitted. In 1902, Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard observed that the energy of individual emitted electrons increased with the frequency (which is related to the color) of the light. This appeared to be at odds with James Clerk Maxwell’s wave theory of light, which was thought to predict that the electron energy would be proportional to the intensity of the radiation. In 1905, Albert Einstein solved this apparent paradox by describing light as composed of discrete quanta, now called photons, rather than continuous waves. Based upon Max Planck’s theory of black-body radiation, Einstein theorized that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency multiplied by a constant, later called Planck’s constant. A photon above a threshold frequency has the required energy to eject a single electron, creating the observed effect. This discovery led to the quantum revolution in physics and earned Einstein the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.

Modern view

It has been shown that it is not necessary for light to be “quantized” to explain the photoelectric effect. The most common method employed by physicists to calculate the probability of an atom ejecting an electron relies on “Fermi’s golden rule”. Although based upon quantum mechanics, the method treats the incident light as an electromagnetic wave that causes an atom and its constituent electrons to transition from one energy state (“eigenstate”) to another. Nonetheless, the notion that the photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light persists in many introductory textbooks.[citation needed]

While one can use the classical electromagnetic theory of light to describe the effect, one may also use the modern quantum theory of light to describe the photoelectric effect. However, the modern quantum theory of light is not a “particle model”, as it does not always predict results which one would expect from a nave “particle” interpretation. An example would be in the dependence on polarization with regard to the direction electrons are emitted, a phenomenon that has been considered useful in gathering polarization data from black holes and neutron stars..

Traditional explanation

The photons of a light beam have a characteristic energy determined by the frequency of the light. In the photoemission process, if an electron within some material absorbs the energy of one photon and thus has more energy than the work function (the electron binding energy) of the material, it is ejected. If the photon energy is too low, the electron is unable to escape the material. Increasing the intensity of the light beam increases the number of photons in the light beam, and thus increases the number of electrons emitted, but does not increase the energy that each electron possesses. Thus the energy of the emitted electrons does not depend on the intensity of the incoming light, but only on the energy of the individual photons. (This is true as long as the intensity is low enough for non-linear effects caused by multiphoton absorption or level shifts such as the AC Stark effect to be insignificant. This was a given in the age of Einstein, well before lasers had been invented.)[citation needed]

Electrons can absorb energy from photons when irradiated, but they usually follow an “all or nothing” principle. All of the energy from one photon must be absorbed and used to liberate one electron from atomic binding, or the energy is re-emitted. If the photon energy is absorbed, some of the energy liberates the electron from the atom, and the rest contributes to the electron’s kinetic energy as a free particle.[citation needed]

Experimental results of the photoelectric emission

For a given metal and frequency of incident radiation, the rate at which photoelectrons are ejected is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light.

For a given metal, there exists a certain minimum frequency of incident radiation below which no photoelectrons can be emitted. This frequency is called the threshold frequency.

For a given metal of particular work function, increase in frequency of incident beam increases the intensity of the photoelectric current.

Above the threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron depends on the frequency of the incident light, but is independent of the intensity of the incident light so long as the latter is not too high

The time lag between the incidence of radiation and the emission of a photoelectron is very small, less than 109 second.

The direction distribution of emitted electrons peaks in the direction of polarization (the direction of the electric field) of the incident light, if it is linearly polarized.[citation needed]

Mathematical description

The maximum kinetic energy Kmax of an ejected electron is given by

where h is the Planck constant, f is the frequency of the incident photon, and = hf0 is the work function (sometimes denoted W), which is the minimum energy required to remove a delocalised electron from the surface of any given metal. The work function, in turn, can be written as

where f0 is called the threshold frequency for the metal. The maximum kinetic energy of an ejected electron is thus

Because the kinetic energy of the electron must be positive, it follows that the frequency f of the incident photon must be greater than f0 in order for the photoelectric effect to occur.

Three-step model

In the X-ray regime, the photoelectric effect in crystalline material is often decomposed into three steps:

Inner photoelectric effect (see photodiode below). The hole left behind can give rise to auger effect, which is visible even when the electron does not leave the material. In molecular solids phonons are excited in this step and may be visible as lines in the final electron energy. The inner photoeffect has to be dipole allowed. The transition rules for atoms translate via the tight-binding model onto the crystal. They are similar in geometry to plasma oscillations in that they have to be transversal.

Ballistic transport of half of the electrons to the surface. Some electrons are scattered.

Electrons escape from the material at the surface.

In the three-step model, an electron can take multiple paths through these three steps. All paths can interfere in the sense of the path integral formulation. For surface states and molecules the three-step model does still make some sense as even most atoms have multiple electrons which can scatter the one electron leaving.[citation needed]

History

Early observations

In 1839, Alexandre Edmond Becquerel observed the photoelectric effect via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light. In 1873, Willoughby Smith found that selenium is photoconductive.[citation needed]

Hertz’s spark gaps

In 1887, Heinrich Hertz observed the photoelectric effect and the production and reception of electromagnetic waves. He published these observations in the journal Annalen der Physik. His receiver consisted of a coil with a spark gap, where a spark would be seen upon detection of electromagnetic waves. He placed the apparatus in a darkened box to see the spark better. However, he noticed that the maximum spark length was reduced when in the box. A glass panel placed between the source of electromagnetic waves and the receiver absorbed ultraviolet radiation that assisted the electrons in jumping across the gap. When removed, the spark length would increase. He observed no decrease in spark length when he substituted quartz for glass, as quartz does not absorb UV radiation. Hertz concluded his months of investigation and reported the results obtained. He did not further pursue investigation of this effect, nor did he make any attempt at explaining how this phenomenon was brought about.[citation needed]

Stoletov: the first law of photoeffect

In the period from February 1888 and until 1891, a detailed analysis of photoeffect was performed by Aleksandr Stoletov with results published in 6 works; four of them in Comptes Rendus, one review in Physikalische Revue (translated from Russian), and the last work in Journal de Physique. First, in these works Stoletov invented a new experimental setup which was more suitable for a quantitative analysis of photoeffect. Using this setup, he discovered the direct proportionality between the intensity of light and the induced photo electric current (the first law of photoeffect or Stoletov’s law). One of his other findings resulted from measurements of the dependence of the intensity of the electric photo current on the gas pressure, where he found the existence of an optimal gas pressure Pm corresponding to a maximum photocurrent; this property was used for a creation of solar cells.[citation needed]

JJ Thomson: electrons

In 1899, J. J. Thomson investigated ultraviolet light in Crookes tubes. Influenced by the work of James Clerk Maxwell, Thomson deduced that cathode rays consisted of negatively charged particles, later called electrons, which he called “corpuscles”. In the research, Thomson enclosed a metal plate (a cathode) in a vacuum tube, and exposed it to high frequency radiation. It was thought that the oscillating electromagnetic fields caused the atoms’ field to resonate and, after reaching a certain amplitude, caused a subatomic “corpuscle” to be emitted, and current to be detected. The amount of this current varied with the intensity and colour of the radiation. Larger radiation intensity or frequency would produce more current.[citation needed]

Radiant energy

Photoelectric motor. Rays falling on insulated conductor connected to a capacitor: the capacitor charges electrically.

Nikola Tesla described the photoelectric effect in 1901. He described such radiation as vibrations of aether of small wavelengths which ionized the atmosphere. On November 5, 1901, he received the patent US685957, Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy, that describes radiation charging and discharging conductors. This was done by using a metal plate or piece of mica exposed to “radiant energy”. Tesla used this effect to charge a capacitor with energy by means of a conductive plate, making a solar cell precursor. The radiant energy threw off with great velocity minute particles (i.e., electrons) which were strongly electrified. The patent specified that the radiation (or radiant energy) included many different forms. These devices have been referred to as “Photoelectric alternating current stepping motors”.[citation needed]

In practice, a polished insulated metal plate or other conducting-body in radiant energy (e.g. sunlight) will gain a positive charge as electrons are emitted by the plate. As the plate charges positively, electrons form an electrostatic force on the plate (because of surface emissions of the photoelectrons), and “drain” any negatively charged capacitors. In his patent application, Tesla noted that as the rays or radiation fall on the insulated conductor (which is connected to a capacitor), the capacitor will indefinitely charge electrically.

Von Lenard’s observations

In 1902, Philipp Lenard observed the variation in electron energy with light frequency. He used a powerful electric arc lamp which enabled him to investigate large changes in intensity, and had sufficient power to enable him to investigate the variation of potential with light frequency. His experiment directly measured potentials, not electron kinetic energy: he found the electron energy by relating it to the maximum stopping potential (voltage) in a phototube. He found that the calculated maximum electron kinetic energy is determined by the frequency of the light. For example, an increase in frequency results in an increase in the maximum kinetic energy calculated for an electron upon liberation – ultraviolet radiation would require a higher applied stopping potential to stop current in a phototube than blue light. However Lenard’s results were qualitative rather than quantitative because of the difficulty in performing the experiments: the experiments needed to be done on freshly cut metal so that the pure metal was observed, but it oxidised in a matter of minutes even in the partial vacuums he used. The current emitted by the surface was determined by the light’s intensity, or brightness: doubling the intensity of the light doubled the number of electrons emitted from the surface. Lenard did not know of photons.[citation needed]

Einstein: light quanta

Albert Einstein’s mathematical description in 1905 of how the photoelectric effect was caused by absorption of quanta of light (now called photons), was in the paper named “On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light”. This paper proposed the simple description of “light quanta”, or photons, and showed how they explained such phenomena as the photoelectric effect. His simple explanation in terms of absorption of discrete quanta of light explained the features of the phenomenon and the characteristic frequency. Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.

The idea of light quanta began with Max Planck’s published law of black-body radiation (“On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum”. Annalen der Physik 4 (1901)) by assuming that Hertzian oscillators could only exist at energies E proportional to the frequency f of the oscillator by E = hf, where h is Planck’s constant. By assuming that light actually consisted of discrete energy packets, Einstein wrote an equation for the photoelectric effect that fitted experiments. It explained why the energy of photoelectrons were dependent only on the frequency of the incident light and not on its intensity: a low-intensity, high-frequency source could supply a few high energy photons, whereas a high-intensity, low-frequency source would supply no photons of sufficient individual energy to dislodge any electrons. This was an enormous theoretical leap, but the concept was strongly resisted at first because it contradicted the wave theory of light that followed naturally from James Clerk Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetic behavior, and more generally, the assumption of infinite divisibility of energy in physical systems. Even after experiments showed that Einstein’s equations for the photoelectric effect were accurate, resistance to the idea of photons continued, since it appeared to contradict Maxwell’s equations, which were well-understood and verified.[citation needed]

Einstein’s work predicted that the energy of individual ejected electrons increases linearly with the frequency of the light. Perhaps surprisingly, the precise relationship had not at that time been tested. By 1905 it was known that the energy of photoelectrons increases with increasing frequency of incident light and is independent of the intensity of the light. However, the manner of the increase was not experimentally determined until 1915 when Robert Andrews Millikan showed that Einstein’s prediction was correct.[citation needed]

Effect on wavearticle question

The photoelectric effect helped propel the then-emerging concept of the dualistic nature of light, that light simultaneously possesses the characteristics of both waves and particles, each being manifested according to the circumstances. The effect was impossible to understand in terms of the classical wave description of light, as the energy of the emitted electrons did not depend on the intensity of the incident radiation. Classical theory predicted that the electrons would ‘gather up’ energy over a period of time, and then be emitted.

Uses and effects

Photodiodes and phototransistors

Solar cells (used in solar power) and light-sensitive diodes use a variant of the photoelectric effect, but not ejecting electrons out of the material. In semiconductors, light of even relatively low energy, such as visible photons, can kick electrons out of the valence band and into the higher-energy conduction band, where they can be harnessed, creating electric current at a voltage related to the bandgap energy.[citation needed]

Photomultipliers

These are extremely light-sensitive vacuum tubes with a photocathode coated onto part (an end or side) of the inside of the envelope. The photocathode contains combinations of materials such as caesium, rubidium and antimony specially selected to provide a low work function, so when illuminated even by very low levels of light, the photocathode readily releases electrons. By means of a series of electrodes (dynodes) at ever-higher potentials, these electrons are accelerated and substantially increased in number through secondary emission to provide a readily-detectable output current. Photomultipliers are still commonly used wherever low levels of light must be detected.[citation needed]

Image sensors

Video camera tubes in the early days of television used the photoelectric effect; newer variants used photoconductive rather than photoemissive materials.[citation needed]

Silicon image sensors, such as charge-coupled devices, widely used for photographic imaging, are based on a variant of the photoelectric effect, in which photons knock electrons out of the valence band of energy states in a semiconductor, but not out of the solid itself.[citation needed]

The gold-leaf electroscope

The gold leaf electroscope.

Gold-leaf electroscopes are designed to detect static electricity. Charge placed on the metal cap spreads to the stem and the gold leaf of the electroscope. Because they then have the same charge, the stem and leaf repel each other. This will cause the leaf to bend away from the stem. The electroscope is an important tool in illustrating the photoelectric effect. Let us say that the scope is negatively charged throughout. There is an excess of electrons and the leaf is separated from the stem. But if we then shine high-frequency light onto the cap, the scope discharges and the leaf will fall limp. This is because the frequency of the light shining on the cap is above the cap’s threshold frequency. The photons in the light have enough energy to liberate electrons from the cap, reducing its negative charge. This will discharge a negatively charged electroscope and further charge a positive electroscope. However, if the electromagnetic radiation hitting the metal cap does not have a high enough frequency (its frequency is below the threshold value for the cap), then the leaf will never discharge, no matter how long one shines the low-frequency light at the cap.[citation needed]

Photoelectron spectroscopy

Since the energy of the photoelectrons emitted is exactly the energy of the incident photon minus the material’s work function or binding energy, the work function of a sample can be determined by bombarding it with a monochromatic X-ray source or UV source, and measuring the kinetic energy distribution of the electrons emitted.

Photoelectron spectroscopy is done in a high-vacuum environment, since the electrons would be scattered by gas molecules if they were present. The light source can be a laser, a discharge tube, or a synchrotron radiation source.

The concentric hemispherical analyser (CHA) is a typical electron energy analyzer, and uses an electric field to change the directions of incident electrons, depending on their kinetic energies. For every element and core (atomic orbital) there will be a different binding energy. The many electrons created from each of these combinations will show up as spikes in the analyzer output, and these can be used to determine the elemental composition of the sample.

Spacecraft

The photoelectric effect will cause spacecraft exposed to sunlight to develop a positive charge. This can get up to the tens of volts. This can be a major problem, as other parts of the spacecraft in shadow develop a negative charge (up to several kilovolts) from nearby plasma, and the imbalance can discharge through delicate electrical components. The static charge created by the photoelectric effect is self-limiting, though, because a more highly-charged object gives up its electrons less easily.

Moon dust

Light from the sun hitting lunar dust causes it to become charged through the photoelectric effect.[citation needed] The charged dust then repels itself and lifts off the surface of the Moon by electrostatic levitation. This manifests itself almost like an “atmosphere of dust”, visible as a thin haze and blurring of distant features, and visible as a dim glow after the sun has set. This was first photographed by the Surveyor program probes in the 1960s. It is thought that the smallest particles are repelled up to kilometers high, and that the particles move in “fountains” as they charge and discharge.

Night vision devices

Photons hitting a gallium arsenide plate in night vision devices cause the ejection of photoelectrons due to the photoelectric effect. These are then amplified into a cascade of electrons that light up a phosphor screen.[citation needed]

Cross section

The photoelectric effect is simply an interaction mechanism conducted between photons and atoms. However, this mechanism does not have exclusivity in interactions of this nature and is one of 12 theoretically possible interactions . As noted in the prologue; Compton scattering and pair production are an example of two other competing mechanisms. Indeed, even if the photoelectric effect is the favoured reaction for a particular single-photon bound-electron interaction, the result is also subject to statistical processes and is not guaranteed, albeit the photon has certainly disappeared and a bound electron has been excited (usually K or L shell electrons at nuclear (gamma ray) energies). The probability of the photoelectric effect occurring is measured by the cross section of interaction, . This has been found to be a function of the atomic number of the target atom and photon energy. A crude approximation, for photon energies above the highest atomic binding energy, is given by :

Here Z is atomic number and n is a number which varies between 4 and 5. (At lower photon energies a characteristic structure with edges appears, K edge, L edges, M edges, etc.) The obvious interpretation follows that the photoelectric effect rapidly decreases in significance, in the gamma ray region of the spectrum, with increasing photon energy, and that photoelectric effect is directly proportional to atomic number. The corollary is that high-Z materials make good gamma-ray shields, which is the principal reason that lead (Z = 82) is a preferred and ubiquitous gamma radiation shield.

See also

Electronics:

Photocurrent

Photomultiplier

Solar cell

Solar power

Transducer

Anomalous photovoltaic effect

Physics:

Atom

Corona discharge

Double-slit experiment

Electron

Gamma ray

Ionosphere

Nobel Prize in Physics

Optical phenomenon

Photoelectron spectroscopy

Photon

Photon dynamics in the double-slit experiment

Photon polarization

Planck’s law of black body radiation

Quantum mechanics

Radiant energy

Wave-particle duality

People:

Albert Einstein

Heinrich Hertz

Ernest Lawrence

Robert Millikan

Max Planck

Aleksandr Stoletov

J. J. Thomson

Georgi Nadjakov

Lists:

List of electronics topics

List of optical topics

List of physics topics

Scientific method list

Timeline of mechanics and physics

Timeline of solar cells

References

^ a b Serway, Raymond A. (1990). Physics for Scientists & Engineers (3rd ed.). Saunders. pp. 1150. ISBN 0030302587. http://books.google.com/books?id=RUMBw3hR7aoC&q=inauthor:serway+photoelectric&dq=inauthor:serway+photoelectric&pgis=1. 

^ a b Sears, Francis W., Mark W. Zemansky and Hugh D. Young (1983), University Physics, Sixth Edition, Addison-Wesley, pp. 843-4. ISBN 0-201-07195-9.

^ The American journal of science. (1880). New Haven: J.D. & E.S. Dana. Page 234

^ Weisstein, Eric W. (2007), “Eric Weisstein’s World of Physics”, Eric Weisstein’s World of Science, Wolfram Research

^ Evans, R. D. (1955). The Atomic Nucleus. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger. p. 712. ISBN 0898744148. http://www.archive.org/details/atomicnucleus032805mbp. 

^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921

^ Lamb, Willis E.; Scully, Marlan O. (1968). “The photoelectric effect without photons”. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19680009569_1968009569.pdf. 

^ Costa, E. et al. (2001). “An efficient photoelectric X-ray Polarimeter for the study of Black holes and Neutron Stars”. Nature 411 (6838): 662665. doi:10.1038/35079508. PMID 11395761. http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0107486. 

^ Zhang, Q (1996). “Intensity dependence of the photoelectric effect induced by a circularly polarized laser beam”. Physics Letters A 216: 125. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(96)00259-9. 

^ Fromhold, A.T. (1991). Quantum mechanics for applied physics and engineering. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 56. ISBN 0486667413, 9780486667416. http://books.google.com/books?id=3SOwc6npkIwC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5. 

^ Stefan Hfner (2003). Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications. Springer. ISBN 3540418024. 

^ a b N. Tesla “Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy” U.S. Patent 685,957 (1901)

^ “The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921″. Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-09. 

^ Robert Resnick, Basic Concepts in Relativity and Early Quantum Theory, Wiley, 1972, p. 137

^ Randall D. Knight, Physics for Scientists and Engineers With Modern Physics: A Strategic Approach, Pearson-Addison-Wesley, 2004, p. 1224

^ Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, Knopf, 2005, p. 502

^ Robert Resnick, Basic Concepts in Relativity and Early Quantum Theory, Wiley, 1972, p. 138

^ Randall D. Knight, Physics for Scientists and Engineers With Modern Physics: A Strategic Approach, Pearson-Addison-Wesley, 2004, p. 1224

^ Photoelectron Spectroscopy Principles and Applications, by Stefan Hfner. Springer, 3rd edition, 2003.

^ Solid-State Photoelectron Spectroscopy with Synchrotron Radiation, by John H. Weaver and Giorgio Margaritondo. Science 12 October 1979: Vol. 206. no. 4415, pp. 151 – 156 DOI: 10.1126/science.206.4415.151

^ “Spacecraft charging”. http://holbert.faculty.asu.edu/eee460/spacecharge.html. 

^ Bell, Trudy E., “Moon fountains”, FirstScience.com, 2001-01-06.

^ Dust gets a charge in a vacuum

^ Evans, R. D. (1955). The Atomic Nucleus. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger. p. 673. ISBN 0898744148. http://www.archive.org/details/atomicnucleus032805mbp. 

^ Davisson, C. M. (1965). Interaction of gamma-radiation with matter. pp. 3778. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965abgs.conf…37D. 

^ Knoll, Glenn F. (1999). Radiation Detection and Measurement. New York: Wiley. pp. 49. ISBN 047149545X. http://sitemaker.umich.edu/gknoll/home. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Photoelectric effect

Physics: Applications of the Photoelectric Effect at HowStuffWorks

Nave, R., “Wave-Particle Duality”. HyperPhysics.

“Photoelectric effect”. Physics 2000. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

ACEPT W3 Group, “The Photoelectric Effect”. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.

Haberkern, Thomas, and N Deepak “Grains of Mystique: Quantum Physics for the Layman”. Einstein Demystifies Photoelectric Effect, Chapter 3.

Department of Physics, “The Photoelectric effect”. Physics 320 Laboratory, Davidson College, Davidson.

Fowler, Michael, “The Photoelectric Effect”. Physics 252, University of Virginia.

Applets

Curull, Xavi Espinal, “Photoelectric effect Applet”. (Java)

Fendt, Walter, “The Photoelectric Effect”. (Java)

“Applet: Photo Effect”. Open Source Distributed Learning Content Management and Assessment System. (Java)

“Photoelectric Effect”. The Physics Education Technology (PhET) project. (Java)

Categories: Foundational quantum physics | Electrical phenomena | Albert Einstein | Energy conversionHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009

Read more on Photoelectric effect…

Plot

The plot is set in a day in the life of Thomas (Hemmings), a professional fashion photographer. It begins the day after spending the night at a doss house where he has taken pictures for a book of art photos he hopes to publish. He is late for a photo shoot at his studio with Veruschka, which in turn makes him late for another photo shoot with many other models later in the morning. He grows bored and walks off the shoot (also leaving the models and production staff in the lurch). Exiting the studio, two girls, aspiring teenaged models (Jane Birkin and Gillian Hills), ask to speak with him, but Thomas drives off to look at an antiques shop which he might buy. Wandering into nearby Maryon Park, he sees two lovers and takes photos of them. The woman (Redgrave) is nettled at being photographed, and Thomas is startled when she somehow stalks him back to his studio, asking for the film. This makes him want the film even more, so he misleads her into taking another roll instead. He makes many blowups (enlargements) of the black and white photos. These blowups have very rough film grain but nonetheless seem to show a body lying in the grass and a killer lurking in the trees with a gun. Thomas is frightened by a knock on the door, but it is only the two girls again, with whom he has a romp in his studio and falls asleep. Awakening, he finds they hope he will photograph them then and there, but he tells the girls to leave, saying, “Tomorrow! Come back tomorrow!”

As evening falls, Thomas goes back to the park and indeed finds a body, but he has not brought his camera and is scared off by the sound of a twig breaking, as if being stepped on. At a drug-drenched party in a house on the Thames River near central London, he finds both the French model (who tells him she is in Paris) and his publishing agent (Peter Bowles), the latter whom he wants to bring to the park as a witness. However, Thomas cannot put across in meaningful words what he has photographed. Waking up in the same, now stilled house at sunrise, he goes back to the park alone, but the body is gone.

Befuddled, he watches a mimed tennis match, is drawn into it, picks up their unseen, imaginary ball and throws it back to the two players. While he watches the mimed match, the sound of a ball being played back and forth is soon heard. As the photographer watches this alone on the lawn he fades away, leaving only the green grass as the film ends.

Noted cameos

Sundry people who were widely known in 1966 are seen in the film; others would become famous later. The most widely noted cameo was made by the The Yardbirds, who perform “Stroll On” in the last third of the film. Antonioni first asked Eric Burdon to play in that scene, but he turned the role down. As Keith Relf sings, Jimmy Page and Jeff Beck play to either side, along with Chris Dreja. After his guitar amplifier fails, Beck bashes his guitar to bits, as The Who were known to do at the time. Antonioni had wanted the Who to perform in Blowup as he was fascinated by Pete Townshend’s guitar-smashing routine. Steve Howe of the The In Crowd later recalled, “We went on the set and started preparing for that guitar-smashing scene in the club. They even went as far as making up a bunch of Gibson 175 replicas … and then we got dropped for the Yardbirds, who were a bigger name. That’s why you see Jeff Beck smashing my guitar rather than his!” Antonioni also considered using The Velvet Underground in the nightclub scene, but according to guitarist Sterling Morrison, “the expense of bringing the whole entourage to England proved too much for him.”

Michael Palin of Monty Python can be seen very briefly in the sullen nightclub crowd and future media personality Janet Street-Porter dances in stripey Carnaby Street trousers.

A poster on the club’s entry door bears a drawing of a tombstone with the epitaph, Here lies Bob Dylan Passed Away Royal Albert Hall 27 May 1966 R.I.P., harking to Dylan’s controversial switch to electric instruments at this time. Beside the Dylan poster are posters bearing a caricature of Prime Minister Harold Wilson.

Filming locations

Place of murder – Maryon Park, London

The opening sequence with the mimes was filmed on the Plaza of The Economist Building in Piccadilly, London, a project by ‘New Brutalists’ Alison and Peter Smithson constructed between 195964. The scene in which men leave The Spike was shot on Consort Road, Peckham. The park scenes were filmed at Maryon Park, Charlton, south-east London, and the park is little changed since the making of the film. The street with many maroon-coloured shop fronts is Stockwell Road and the shops belonged to motorcycle dealer Pride & Clark. The scene wherein Thomas sees the mysterious woman from his car and then follows her was shot in Regent Street, London. He stops at Heddon Street where the album cover of David Bowie’s Ziggy Stardust was later photographed. Outside shots of Thomas’s studio were filmed at both 77 Pottery Lane, W11, and 49 Princes Place, W11, whilst inside filming of the studio was done mostly at a location in Notting Hill, west London.

Reception

Box office

Distributed in North America by Premier Pictures, Blowup grossed “$20 million (about $120 million today) on a $1.8 million budget and helped liberate Hollywood from its puritanical prurience”.

Critical

Andrew Sarris said the movie was “a mod masterpiece”. In Playboy Magazine, Arthur Knight wrote that Blowup would be thought of “as important and germinal a film as Citizen Kane, Open City and Hiroshima, Mon Amour perhaps even more so”.

Time magazine called the film a “far-out, uptight and vibrantly exciting picture” that represented a “screeching change of creative direction” for Antonioni; the magazine predicted it would “undoubtedly be by far the most popular movie Antonioni has ever made”.

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called it a “fascinating picture, which has something real to say about the matter of personal involvement and emotional commitment in a jazzed-up, media-hooked-in world so cluttered with synthetic stimulations that natural feelings are overwhelmed”. Crowther had some reservations about the film, describing the “usual Antonioni passages of seemingly endless wanderings” as “redundant and long”; nevertheless, he called Blow-Up a “stunning picture beautifully built up with glowing images and color compositions that get us into the feelings of our man and into the characteristics of the mod world in which he dwells”. Even film director Ingmar Bergman, who generally disliked Antonioni, acknowledged its significance: “He’s done two masterpieces, you don’t have to bother with the rest. One is Blow-Up, which I’ve seen many times, and the other is La Notte, also a wonderful film, although that’s mostly because of the young Jeanne Moreau.”

Blowup was controversial as the first British film to feature full frontal female nudity.[citation needed] MGM did not gain approval for the film under the MPAA Production Code in the United States. The code’s collapse and thorough revision was foreshadowed when MGM released the film through a subsidiary distributor and Blowup was shown widely in North American cinemas.

Awards and honors

Academy Awards

Nominated: Best Director – Michelangelo Antonioni

Nominated: Original Screenplay – Michelangelo Antonioni, Tonino Guerra, Edward Bond

BAFTA Awards

Nominated: Best British Film – Michelangelo Antonioni

Nominated: Best British Art Direction (Colour) – Assheton Gorton

Nominated: Best British Cinematography (Colour) – Carlo Di Palma

Cannes Film Festival

Won: Grand Prix (1967 Cannes Film Festival) – Michelangelo Antonioni

Golden Globe Awards

Nominated: Best English-Language Foreign Film

In popular culture

This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009)

Brian De Palma’s Blow Out (1981), starring John Travolta, which alludes to Blowup, used sound recording rather than photography as its central motif. While writing the screenplay of The Conversation, Francis Ford Coppola explained in the DVD commentary to his 1974 film, also about sound recording, that he was inspired by Blow Up. In Mel Brooks’s High Anxiety, a minor plot line involves a bumbling chauffeur who takes a picture showing the evil assassin (wearing a latex mask of Brooks’s character’s face) firing a gun at point-blank range at someone; he makes blow-ups until he can see the real Brooks’s character, standing in the elevator in the background. (Technically, the chauffeur does not make blow-ups; the joke is that he simply makes bigger and bigger enlargements until he has one the size of a wall.) The feature I Could Never Be Your Woman pays homage to the iconic scene from Blowup in which David Hemmings’s character straddles model Verushka from above while taking her photo, this time with Paul Rudd and Michelle Pfeiffer. Antonioni’s film also inspired the Bollywood feature Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron by Naseeruddin Shah, in which two photographers inadvertently capture the murder of a city mayor on their cameras and later discover this when the images are enlarged. The park in which the murder occurs is named “Antonioni Park”.

In the last episode of the third series of the BBC program, Monarch of the Glen, Molly MacDonald (Susan Hampshire) clarifies for husband, Hector (Richard Briers), that it was Antonioni who wanted her for Blowup when she was a London model in the 1960s. The music video for Amerie’s “Take Control” from the album Because I Love It (2007) was influenced by the film.

References

Notes

^ Beltzer, Thomas (2005). “La Mano Negra: Julio Cortzar and his Influence on Cinema”. Senses of Cinema. http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/05/35/cortazar.html. Retrieved 2009-06-09. 

^ Goldberg, Joe. “Catching Action,” Billboard, May 1, 1999.

^ Platt, Dreja and McCarthy, Yardbirds, Sidgwick and Jackson Ltd., London, 1983

^ Frame, Pete, The Complete Rock Family Trees. p. 55. Omnibus Press, 1993. ISBN 0-7119-0465-0

^ Victor Bockris and Gerard Malanga, Uptight: The Velvet Underground Story. p. 67. New York: Quill, 1983. ISBN 0-688-03906-5

^ a b “Antonioni’s Blowup Defines Cool”. filminfocus.com. 18 December 2008. http://www.filminfocus.com/article/antonioni___s__em_blowup__em__defines_cool. Retrieved 2009-12-25. 

^ James, Simon R.H. (2007). London Film Location Guide. London: Batsford. p. 87. ISBN 9780713490626. 

^ James (2007: 169)

^ James (2007: 181)

^ James (2007: 169)

^ James (2007: 38)

^ “Heddon Street, London” The Ziggy Stardust Companion. Accessed 2009-12-25.

^ independent.co.uk, On the trail of the swinging sixties, 10 September 2006, retrieved 25 December 2009

^ According to Time Magazine critic Richard Corliss. “When Antonioni Blew Up the Movies” Accessed 2009-12-25.

^ “The Things Which Are Not Seen” Accessed 2009-12-25.

^ a b Crowther, Bosley (19 December 1966). “Blow-Up”. The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=EE05E7DF1739E361BC4152DFB467838D679EDE. Retrieved 2009-12-25. 

^ Interview published in Sydsvenska Dagbladet. “Bergman on Film Directors” at zakka.dk. Accessed 2009-12-25.

^ “Festival de Cannes: Blowup”. festival-cannes.com. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2801/year/1967.html. Retrieved 2009-03-08. 

^ “People”. 19 May 1967. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,840897,00.html. Retrieved 2009-12-25. 

^ The Hindu Accessed 2009-12-25.

Bibliography

Brunette, Peter (2005). DVD Audio Commentary (Iconic Films).

Hemmings, David (2004). Blow-Up and Other Exaggerations: The Autobiography of David Hemmings. London: Robson Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1861057891

External links

Blowup at the Internet Movie Database

Blowup at Allmovie

Blowup at Rotten Tomatoes

Where Did They Film That? film entry

Peter Bowles on making of Blow-Up

Blowup Then & Now – a website with many Then and Now images of the cult film

v  d  e

Films directed by Michelangelo Antonioni

1950s

Cronaca di un amore (1950)  I vinti (1952)  La signora senza camelie (1953)  Le amiche (1955)  Il grido (1957)

1960s

L’avventura (1960)  La notte (1961)  L’eclisse (1962)  Red Desert (1964)  Blowup (1966)

1970s

Zabriskie Point (1970)  Chung Kuo, Cina (1972)  The Passenger (1975)

1980s

Il mistero di Oberwald (1981)  Identificazione di una donna (1982)

1990s

Beyond the Clouds (1995)

Shorts

Tentato suicido (1953)  Il provino (1965)  Il filo pericoloso delle cose (2004)

v  d  e

Palme d’Or winning films  19601979

La Dolce Vita (1960)  The Long Absence (1961)  Viridiana (1961)  O Pagador de Promessas (1962)  The Leopard (1963)  The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964)  The Knack …and How to Get It (1965)  A Man and a Woman (1966)  The Birds, the Bees and the Italians (1966)  Blow-Up (1967)  if…. (1969)  MASH (1970)  The Go-Between (1971)  The Working Class Goes to Heaven (1972)  The Mattei Affair (1972)  The Hireling (1973)  Scarecrow (1973)  The Conversation (1974)  Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975)  Taxi Driver (1976)  Padre Padrone (1977)  The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1978)  Apocalypse Now (1979)  The Tin Drum (1979)

Complete List  (19391959)  (19601979)  (19801999)  (2000resent)

Categories: British films | Italian films | American films | 1966 films | Films directed by Michelangelo Antonioni | Films based on short fiction | Films set in London | Mystery films | Psychological thriller films | Palme d’Or winners | MGM filmsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 | Articles needing additional references from May 2009 | All articles needing additional references

Read more on Blowup…

When in Austin, Texas, there sure is a lot to experience. Not only is it the live music capital of the world, but Austin is home to some of the tastiest restaurants you’ll ever eat at. The vote is unanimous, the choices for Austin TX restaurants are plentiful.

Read more on Dining Options Are Plentiful in Austin Texas…